Theory and Approaches of Group Decision Making with Uncertain Linguistic Expressions
This book mainly introduces a series of theory and approaches of group decision-making based on several types of uncertain linguistic expressions and addresses their applications. The book pursues three major objectives: (1) to introduce some techniques t
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Hai Wang Zeshui Xu
Theory and Approaches of Group DecisionMaking with Uncertain Linguistic Expressions
Uncertainty and Operations Research Editor-in-chief Xiang Li, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
Decision analysis based on uncertain data is natural in many real-world applications, and sometimes such an analysis is inevitable. In the past years, researchers have proposed many efficient operations research models and methods, which have been widely applied to real-life problems, such as finance, management, manufacturing, supply chain, transportation, among others. This book series aims to provide a global forum for advancing the analysis, understanding, development, and practice of uncertainty theory and operations research for solving economic, engineering, management, and social problems.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11709
Hai Wang Zeshui Xu •
Theory and Approaches of Group Decision-Making with Uncertain Linguistic Expressions
123
Hai Wang School of Information Engineering Nanjing Audit University Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
Zeshui Xu Business School Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan, China
ISSN 2195-996X ISSN 2195-9978 (electronic) Uncertainty and Operations Research ISBN 978-981-13-3734-5 ISBN 978-981-13-3735-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3735-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964257 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
Due to the complexity of problems in hand and the limitation of experts’ cognition, uncertainties are generally inevitable in decision information. In the fuzzy linguistic approach, lingu
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