Theranostic Nanoplatforms for PET Image-Guided Drug Delivery
Positron emission tomography (PET) image-guided techniques have the potential to play an important role in the investigation of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of drug delivery systems and monitoring their therapeutic responses for management of
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ntroduction Nanomedicine is often heralded as one of the major leaps forward for twenty-first century clinical practice [1–3]. The use of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and therapy is arguably the most active area of nanomedicine research. Despite extensive research input and huge investments, cancer remains a major public health concern worldwide [4]. Basically, this disease encompasses a heterogeneous spectrum of conditions and is highly unpredictable in majority of cases [4]. As per the statistics provided by World Health Organization (WHO), 8.2 million people worldwide died from cancer in 2012, out of which at least 30 % of cancer deaths could have been prevented if necessary treatment was provided at an earlier time point [5]. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to minimize the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. In fact, early diagnosis of cancer is the crucial factor in majority of cases that directs the treatment regime and the choice of therapeutic intervention [4]. Successful cancer management relies on several factors that can be uniquely addressed via nanomedicine [1].
R. Chakravarty, Ph.D. (*) • A. Dash Isotope Production and Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India e-mail: [email protected] F. Chen Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA W. Cai, Ph.D. (*) Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 J.W.M. Bulte, M.M.J. Modo (eds.), Design and Applications of Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42169-8_12
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Conventional cancer treatment approaches rely on systemic administration of chemotherapeutic drugs that indiscriminately affect tumor and healthy tissue alike, and therefore are toxic to both types of tissues [6, 7]. Such strategies are limited by a narrow therapeutic index (ratio of therapeutic to toxic effects) and demonstrate severe systemic side effects [8]. Additionally, several routinely used chemotherapeutic drugs suffer from poor pharmacokinetics and inappropriate biodistribution that greatly limits the maximum allowable dose of the drug [3, 6, 8]. Therefore, many conventional drugs that have been shown to be highly effective in vitro are often relatively ineffective when administered in vivo. From this perspective, the use of nanoplatforms for targeted drug delivery can increase the selectivity of the treatment, improve drug concentration at the tumor site, and maximize the therapeutic response while minimizing toxic side effects [3, 7, 9]. The past 10 years have witnessed significant advances in the development and deployment of nanoplatforms for targeted drug delivery, and innovative applications of cancer nanomedicine are now coming to fruition [3, 6–10]. Numerous
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