Tissue engineering: from the bedside to the bench and back to the bedside
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Tissue engineering: from the bedside to the bench and back to the bedside Tatevik Sahakyants1 · Joseph P. Vacanti2 Accepted: 17 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The field of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine has evolved rapidly over the past thirty years. This review will summarize its history, current status and direction through the lens of clinical need, its progress through science in the laboratory and application back into patients. We can take pride in the fact that much effort and progress began with the surgical problems of children and that many surgeons in the pediatric surgical specialties have become pioneers and investigators in this new field of science, engineering, and medicine. Although the field has yet to fulfill its great promise, there have been several examples where a therapy has progressed from the first idea to human application within a short span of time and, in many cases, it has been applied in the surgical care of children. Keywords Tissue engineering · Skin · Ear · Blood vessels · Complex tissues
Definition and history The field of tissue engineering applies the principles of biology and engineering to the development of functional substitutes for damaged tissue [1]. The field, as a modern scientific discipline, was born in the mid-1980s [2], but it has its roots in science dating to the ancient world. The history of modern Homo sapiens has enough evidence to suggest that as long as there have been humans, other humans have tried to help individuals in need [3]. Trephination of the human skull as early as the Mesolithic Period between 10,000 and 5000 BC and claims to nose reconstruction in India as early as 1000 BC are examples of historically documented medical care. Throughout the
* Joseph P. Vacanti [email protected] Tatevik Sahakyants [email protected] 1
Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 3D BioLabs, LLC, 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MassGeneral Hospital for Children, 55 Fruit Street, Warren 11, Boston, MA 02114, USA
2
history of medicine, two important strategies evolved to replace and restore lost structure and function of human tissues and organs. One of them is the use of living materials either by taking a living tissue from one position and moving it to another location on the same individual or by taking a living organ from one individual, transporting and implanting to another. Another approach is using artificial materials to create replacement structures in an attempt to restore the form and function. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have been conceptualized in the latter third of the twentieth century to fill the void where the two old and enduring approaches fall short of their intended therapeutic goals. Tissue engineering seeks to fabr
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