Titanium Carbide Reinforcement in Iron Matrix Through Carbothermal Reduction of Mechanically Milled Hematite and Anatase
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THE industrial development of iron matrix composites has attracted considerable interest due to their advantages in terms of usefulness in production of inexpensive wear-resistant parts, the possibility of improving their properties through heat treatment, and their suitability to be fabricated using a variety of methods, including powder metallurgy, conventional melting, and carbothermal reduction.[1,2] Typically, an iron matrix is reinforced with hard compounds of ceramic particles such as Al2O3, Cr3C2, and TiC. With such desirable properties as improved hardness and high chemical stability, TiC is the most suitable compound for use as reinforcement of a soft iron matrix. Furthermore, iron and TiC wet each other very well.[3] In comparison with tungsten carbide (WC), TiC has 33 pct higher hardness, a lower density, and higher thermal stability.[4] Thus, TiC can be used in the manufacture of wearHUSSAIN ZUHAILAWATI, Associate Professor, is with the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Contact e-mail: [email protected] MOHD SALIHIN HASSIN, formerly MSc Student, with the School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, is now Engineer with the R&D Centre, Kiswire Sdn Bhd, No. 33, Jalan Senyum, Kampung Wadihana, 80300, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. SAMAYAMUTTHIRIAN PALANIANDY, Researcher, is with the JKMRC University of Queensland, 40 Isles Road, Indooroopilly, QLD 4068, Australia. Manuscript submitted December 11, 2010. Article published online September 28, 2012 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
resistant parts, cutting tools, grinding wheels, high temperature heat exchangers, magnetic record heads, turbine engine seals, and electrode or coating materials.[3] Iron is typically synthesized via extraction or reduction of iron ores through such techniques such as mechanochemical processing or carbothermal reduction, thermal plasma synthesis, and self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS).[5] Carbothermal reduction via mechanical activation (MA) has been used to produce advanced materials such as synthesized oxide material for extraction to produce metallic material. Thus, this method has been comprehensively studied in the fields of extractive metallurgy, materials synthesis, and production of nanocrystalline and amorphous materials.[6] Collision energy during mechanical milling activates a chemical reaction by decreasing the reduction temperature. Thus, this process has been used in mineral processing to produce finely ground particles, to increase surface area, and to improve chemical reactivity of the milled product.[6] The fraction of milling energy transferred to the powder mixture may affect the properties of the powder by increasing crystal defects such as dislocation, structural distortion, and atom displacement as well as by the formation of an amorphous phase.[7] Structural distortion has been found to occur during mechanochemical reactions due to distorti
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