TNF gene polymorphisms in cystic fibrosis patients: contribution to the disease progression
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RESEARCH
Open Access
TNF gene polymorphisms in cystic fibrosis patients: contribution to the disease progression Galina Shmarina1,2, Alexander Pukhalsky1*, Nika Petrova3, Ekaterina Zakharova4, Lucine Avakian1, Nikolai Kapranov1 and Vladimir Alioshkin5
Abstract Background: It is well known that the disease progression in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients may be diverse in subjects with identical mutation in CFTR gene. It is quite possible that such heterogeneity is associated with TNF-α and/or LT-α gene polymorphisms since their products play a key role in inflammation. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible roles of TNF gene polymorphisms in CF disease phenotype and progression. Methods: 198 CF patients and 130 control subjects were genotyped for both TNF-α–308GA and LT-α + 252AG polymorphisms. Results: The carriers of the TNF-α–308A allele more frequently had asthma as compared to patients homozygous for the TNF-α–308 G allele. In 9 of 108 (8.3%) of LTα + 252AA carriers, tuberculosis infection has been documented, whereas there was no case of tuberculosis among patients, either homozygous or heterozygous for LTα +252 G alleles (p = 0.01). We never observed virus hepatitis among LTα + 252GA carriers. The genotypes TNF-α–308GG – LT-α + 252AA and TNF-α–308GA – LT-α + 252AG were unfavorable with regard to liver disease development (both p < 0.05). It was also shown that neutrophil elastase activity was higher in sputum specimens from high TNF producers with genotypes TNF-α–308GA or LT-α + 252GG. In addition the carriers of such genotypes demonstrated a higher risk of osteoporosis development (p values were 0.011 and 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: The carriers of genotypes, which are associated with higher TNF-α production, demonstrated increased frequency of asthma, higher levels of neutrophil elastase, and decrease of bone density. On the contrary, the carriers of genotypes associated with low TNF-α production showed a higher frequency of tuberculosis infection. Keywords: TNF, Gene polymorphism, Cystic fibrosis, Inflammation, Liver disease, Osteoporosis, Tuberculosis, Asthma
Background The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) contains genes essential to both the adaptive and innate immune systems. In humans, these genes are referred to as HLA genes. Genes within the MHC traditionally divided into three different subregions. Class I and II regions contain genes encoded molecules that are responsible for antigen presentation to T cells. The human Class III region is the most gene-dense and highly conserved region of the human genome [1]. Within this region TNF-α and TNF-β * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Cystic Fibrosis, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 1 Moskvorechie Street, Moscow 115478, Russia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
(LT-α) genes are located close to each other [2]. The gene products tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF-β, also known as lymphotoxin-α (LT-α), exhibit a broad spectrum of inflammatory and immunomodulatory a
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