Typologies of individuals vulnerable to insomnia: a two-step cluster analysis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Typologies of individuals vulnerable to insomnia: a two‑step cluster analysis Daniel Ruivo Marques1,2 · Ana Allen Gomes2,3 · Vanda Clemente2,4 · Christopher L. Drake5 · Thomas Roth5 · Charles M. Morin6,7 · Maria Helena Pinto de Azevedo8 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 September 2020 © Japanese Society of Sleep Research 2020
Abstract Research and clinical practice have demonstrated that patients with insomnia are a heterogeneous population. As such, it is important to understand and differentiate the potential sub-groups among insomnia patients as well as individuals at risk for insomnia. Questionnaires completed by 291 students of both sexes and at risk for insomnia (FIRST scale score ≥ 22) were analyzed (age range 17–24 years). Two-step cluster analyses comprising all the valid cases (N = 291) were performed to analyze the phenotypes of individuals vulnerable to insomnia separately for men and women. The results showed that men and women present different psychological profiles. Among men, it was possible to distinguish two clusters: one with relatively low scores in negative psychological variables and high positive affect and another with high scores in negative psychological variables and low scores in positive affect. Among women, three clusters were observed: two resembling the ones found for the male sample and one additional cluster encompassing individuals with moderate scores on all of the measures. However, it is possible that this additional group in women may be due to the larger sample size. The current study supports the idea that among individuals at risk for insomnia, one can discriminate different profiles. Sex-related differences should be further investigated in the future. Keywords Cluster analysis · Insomnia · Insomnia vulnerability · Profiles · Typologies
* Daniel Ruivo Marques [email protected] 1
Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810‑193 Aveiro, Portugal
2
CINEICC-Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
3
Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Rua do Colégio Novo, 3000‑115 Coimbra, Portugal
4
Coimbra University Hospital Centre (CHUC), Sleep Medicine Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
5
Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
6
École de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
7
Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
8
Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004‑504 Coimbra, Portugal
Introduction Insomnia Disorder (ID) is the most prevalent sleep disorder [2, 3] and complaints of disturbed sleep are a frequent symptom in many other disorders [62]. Basically, ID is defined as the subjective perception of difficulty in falling asleep, difficulty staying sleep, or waking up earlier than the desired time, occurring despi
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