Understanding the influence of key parameters on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin composite fibres
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Understanding the influence of key parameters on the stabilisation of cellulose-lignin composite fibres Nguyen-Duc Le . Mikaela Trogen . Yibo Ma . Russell J. Varley Michael Hummel . Nolene Byrne
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Received: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 November 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The high cost of carbon fibre continues to limit its use in industries like automotive, construction and energy. Since the cost is closely linked to the precursor, considerable research has focussed on the use of low-cost alternatives. A promising candidate is a composite fibre consisting of blended cellulose and lignin, which has the added benefit of being derived from sustainable resources. The benefits of blending cellulose and lignin reduce some of the negative aspects of converting single component cellulose and lignin fibres to carbon fibre, although the production from such a blend, remains largely underdeveloped. In this study, the effects of stabilisation temperature and the stabilisation process of the blended fibres are explored. Moreover, the viscoelastic properties of the cellulose-lignin fibre are investigated by DMA for the first time. Finally, the cause of fusion in the stabilisation is adressed and solved by applying a spin finish. Keywords Bio-polymer Cellulose-lignin composite fibres Low-cost carbon fibres DMA Stabilisation Viscoelastic Bio-resources
N.-D. Le R. J. Varley (&) N. Byrne Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia e-mail: [email protected] M. Trogen Y. Ma M. Hummel Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Introduction The high strength to weight ratio of carbon fibre (CF) makes it an ideal material for many applications in the aerospace, military, construction, and sports manufacturing industries. For this reason it is already being utilised in many high-performance applications and it is anticipated that the market share of CF composites will double over the next ten years (Bohner et al. 2015). However, its high cost continues to limit applications in industries that rely on high volume manufacturing, such as the automotive industry. A major reason for this, pointed out by Baker et al. (Baker et al. 2012) is that the most commonly used fossil fuel derived precursor, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) accounts for about 50% of the cost of CF, placing a limit on potential cost reductions (Frank et al. 2014; Choi et al. 2019). Due to the current limitations associated with PAN and the depletion of oil, the search for new bio-based precursors for CF production is generating considerable interest. Alternative precursors such as lignin and cellulose have been extensively investigated as have blends of polymers (Frank et al. 2012; Ogale et al. 2016). Although these approaches are interesting, they suffers from some technical problems, such as the slow stabilisation rate of lignin (Sudo et al. 1993; Kadla et al. 2002; Zhang et al. 2015; Fang et al. 2017) and
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