Unitary and binary remediations by plant and microorganism on refining oil-contaminated soil
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Unitary and binary remediations by plant and microorganism on refining oil-contaminated soil Jia Jia Fei 1 & Yun Yang Wan 1
&
Xin Yue He 1 & Zhi Huan Zhang 1 & Yu Xi Ying 1
Received: 10 October 2019 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Refining oil contaminants are complex and cause serious harm to the environment. Remediation of refining oil-contaminated soil is challenging but has significant impact in China. Two plant species Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy and Avena sativa L. and one bacterium Bacillus tequilensis ZJ01 were used to investigate their efficiency in remediating the refining oil-polluted soil sampled from an oil field in northern China. The simulated experiments of remediations by A. fragile or A. sativa alone and A. fragile or A. sativa combined with B. tequilensis ZJ01 for 39 days and by B. tequilensis ZJ01 alone for 7 days were performed in the laboratory, with B. tequilensis ZJ01 added before or after the germination of seeds. Seed germination rates and morphological characteristics of the plants, along with the varieties of oil hydrocarbons in the soil, were recorded to reflect the remediation efficiency. The results showed that the contamination was weakened in all experimental groups. A. sativa was more sensitive to the pollutants than A. fragile, and A. fragile was much more resistant to the oil hydrocarbons, especially to aromatic hydrocarbons. Adding B. tequilensis ZJ01 before the germination of seeds could restrain the plant growth while adding after the germination of A. fragile seeds notably improved the remediation efficiency. The degradation rate of oil hydrocarbons by B. tequilensis ZJ01 alone was also considerable. Together, our results suggest that the unitary remediation by B. tequilensis ZJ01 and the binary remediation by A. fragile combined with B. tequilensis ZJ01 added after the germination of seeds are recommended for future in situ remediations. Keywords Refining oil contaminants . Agropyron fragile (Roth) P. Candargy . Avena sativa L. . Bacillus tequilensis ZJ01 . Morphological characteristics . Germination . TOC/AA . Saturated hydrocarbons . Aromatic hydrocarbons . Degradation rate
Introduction Oil pollution of the soil in oil fields mainly comes from the emission and leak of petroleum during the process of exploitation, pumping, deposit, transportation, and refining of the oil (Du et al. 2011; Wan and Du 2017; Wu et al. 2017). The residue in oil extraction and refinement can cause serious Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri * Yun Yang Wan [email protected] * Zhi Huan Zhang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting, Research Centre for Geomicrobial Resources and Application, Institute of Unconventional Oil and Gas Science and Technology, College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
adverse effect to the aquatic environment and surrounding soils, which can further cause harm to human health (Fei et al.
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