Using Prolog Grammar Rules
Sentences in a language such as English are much more than just arbitrary sequences of words. We cannot string together any set of words and make a reasonable sentence. At the very least, the result must conform to what we consider to be grammatical.
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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
W. F. Clocksin · C.S. Mellish
Programming in Prolog Fifth Edition
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Prof. William F. Clocksin Oxford Brookes University Department of Computing Wheatley Campus Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom Dr. Christopher S. Mellish University of Edinburgh Department of Artificial Intelligence 80 South Bridge Edinburgh EH1 1HN, United Kingdom
ISBN 978-3-540-00678-7 ISBN 978-3-642-55481-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-55481-0
Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Clocksin, W.F. (William F.), 1955Programming in Prolog: using the ISO standard/W.F. Clocksin, C.S. Mellish.--5th ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-540-00678-7 (alk.paper) 1.Prolog (Computer program language) I.Mellish, C.S. (Christopher S.), 1954-II. Title. QA76.73.P76C57 2003 005.13´3--dc21 2003044177 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. http://www.springer.de © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2003 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper 41/3111XO – 5 4 3 2 1
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Since the previous edition of Programming in Prolog, the Prolog language has been standardised by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Although not all Prolog systems conform to the new standard, we felt it was necessary to take the opportunity to update this book in accordance with the standard. We have also introduced some new material, clarified some explanations, corrected a number of minor errors, and removed appendices about Prolog systems that are now obsolete. This book can serve several purposes. The aim of this book is not to teach the art of programming as such. We feel that programming cannot be learned simply by reading a book or by listening to a lecturer. You’ve got to do programming to learn it. We hope that beginners without a mathematical background can learn Prolog from this book, although in this case we would recommend that the beginner is taught by a programmer who knows Prolog, as part of a course that introduces the student to programming as such. It is assumed that beginners can obtain the use of a computer that has a Prolog system installed, and that they have been instructed in th
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