Visionary Women and Visible Children, England 1900-1920 Childhood an

This book addresses the inter-linked lives and fortunes of children and women in the first two decades of the twentieth century in England. This was a time of shifts in thinking and practice about children’s and women’s status, lived lives and experiences

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Visionary Women and Visible Children, England 1900–1920 Childhood and the Women’s Movement

Berry Mayall UCL Institute of Education London, UK

ISBN 978-3-319-61206-5    ISBN 978-3-319-61207-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61207-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017949480 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover designed by Oscar Spigolon Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to my grandson, Louis Mayall, who worked as a research assistant in the early stages of this study, collecting and analysing useful background information. Many thanks to Abigail Knight who provided a valuable link to interviews carried out in Ambleside; also to Priscilla Alderson for discussion of children’s rights; and to Virginia Morrow for her expertise on the law relating to education. I am greatly indebted to the UCL Institute of Education library staff, who, unfailingly helpful and kindly, have helped me track down books and papers; and given me access to the very valuable archives held at the Institute.

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Contents

Chapter One Introduction  1 Chapter Two The Women’s Movement and Childhood, 1900–1920 23 Chapter Three The Economics of Childhood: Home and Neighbourhood 57 Chapter Four Experiencing Elementary School 89 Chapter Five Women and Children and the Great War Years129 Chapter Six After the Great War161 Appendix A193  ppendix B: Legislation and Other Board of Education A Documents Relating to Children 1870–1918203 References209 Index221 vii

A Note on Currency

For those familiar only with decimal currency, that is UK money since 1972,