X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology
Since the 1960s, x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), both wavelength and energy-dispersive have served as the workhorse for non-destructive and destructive analyses of archaeological materials. Recently eclipsed by other instrumentation such as LA-ICP-
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M. Steven Shackley Editor
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology
Editor M. Steven Shackley Department of Anthropology Geoarchaeological XRF Laboratory University of California 232 Kroeber Hall Berkeley, CA 94720-3710 USA [email protected]
ISBN 978-1-4419-6885-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-6886-9 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-6886-9 Springer New York Dordrecht Heildelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010938434 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
“For Wilhelm K. Ro¨ntgen, Arthur Compton, Charles G. Barkla, Henry G. J. Moseley, Edward Hall, Ron Jenkins, Ian Carmichael, Joachim Hampel and all the other founders and facilitators of Archaeological XRF”
Preface and Acknowledgements
In many ways this volume has been a long time coming. While X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) has been in the literature for many years and the archaeological application since at least Edward Hall’s (1960) paper in Archaeometry, we had not yet attempted to put it all together in a defined whole until now. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in all its many forms – including the two focused on here, energydispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WXRF) – has been one of the most important technologies used by archaeologists to explain the past through many of its paradigmatic shifts from the Cultural Historical approach to the New or Processual Archaeology to PostProcessual Archaeology and to whatever normal science we are in now. Throughout these changes in the perspective on the past, archaeologists have increasingly relied on XRF as a tool that has been used to address so many of the problems of interpreting the past including, but certainly not limited to, lithic procurement, exchange, group interaction, social identity, gender relations, and many other areas. Through it all, XRF has been continually evolving from the older manual goniometer XRF instruments like I used in graduate school where the results of the peak heights were simply printed out on a teletype and one had to generate individual data reduction routines, to our sophisticated Windows-based software that leads us through elemental acquisition, standard library construction, calibration,
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