Quality Assurance
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Quality Assurance Robert Schmitt Chair of Metrology and Quality Management, Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production Engineering WZL of the RWTH, Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
Synonyms Quality control
Definition Quality assurance can be defined as all methods preparing and controlling the compliance of processes and products with predetermined quality standards. It represents the monitoring of process outputs in order to avoid the procrastination of failures and to identify and reject defective parts. Historically, quality assurance can also be seen first as an antecedent and nowadays as the operational part of quality management.
Theory and Application Entrepreneurial Impact As a part of today’s quality management, multiple methods of measurement and statistics are used to
detect, analyze, and eliminate potential or existing faults as a task of quality assurance toward an internal or external customer. A basic precondition for a comprehensive quality assurance approach is to gain and involve internal and external customer requirements and to assess products and processes by these requirements and indicate problems. To plan and accomplish these assessments is the main objective of quality assurance. Due to high complexity of today’s products and processes, inspection planning and adequate capability of the measurement equipment represent two of its key elements. Historical Development To gain an impression of the context and content of quality assurance, a brief overview of the main contributions and perspectives shall be given. For a long time, the control of quality was determined by inspecting, counting, arranging, and repairing. By then, it was still uncommon to have evaluations on fault diagnostics or to have specific plans to fix errors when they occurred (Bicking 1958). In 1931, statistical-supported quality control and therefore a scientific base for the evaluation of quality were introduced (Shewhart 1931). Thus, entrepreneurial quality was established through precise measurement, as well as monitoring methods that continuously evaluated the production and derived sustainably useful arrangements for its improvement. Sampling plans and the “average outgoing quality
# CIRP 2017 The International Academy for Production Engineering et al. (eds.), CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_6592-3
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limit” (AOQL) by Dodge and Romig induced their introduction of inspection costs and fallout rates in order to increase quality and employee productivity (Dodge and Romig 1998). During the Second World War, an improved sampling system for an acceptable quality level (AQL) was developed, which later on also served as a guideline for the ISO standards (Garvin 1988). The next step was made by Feigenbaum when he developed total quality control (TQC). According to Feigenbaum, quality control can be divided into three different areas to prevent avoidable mistakes like costs, defects, and failures in products through damaged materials and extra work: – Testing if new designs and tec
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