Quantitative measurement of nanoparticle release from rubber composites during fabrication and testing
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RESEARCH PAPER
Quantitative measurement of nanoparticle release from rubber composites during fabrication and testing Louis Waquier & B. Steven Myles & Louis Henrard & Frederic Vautard & Christopher M. Pappas & Bruno Feneon & Caroline Delaitre & Jeremy J. Mehlem & Constantine Y. Khripin
Received: 6 March 2020 / Accepted: 5 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Carbon black has been a key ingredient in high-performance composites, such as tire rubber, for over a hundred years. This reinforcing filler increases rubber rigidity and reduces tire wear, among many other useful effects. New nanomaterials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, may bring new performance improvements. However, their usefulness cannot be evaluated unless worker safety is assured by demonstrating that the nanoparticles are not released at harmful concentrations during manufacture and testing. Here, we present a flexible, general method for the quantitative evaluation of nanoparticle release from rubber nanocomposites. We evaluate manufacturing steps such as powder handling, uncured rubber milling, and curing. We also evaluate particle emission during cured rubber abrasion as an aggressive example of the testing rubber goods are subjected to. We quantify released nanoparticle concentrations for clay nanoparticles, graphene-like materials, and carbon nanotubes. We also describe a mechanistic framework based on the balance of
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04977-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. L. Waquier : B. S. Myles : L. Henrard : F. Vautard : C. M. Pappas : J. J. Mehlem : C. Y. Khripin (*) Michelin North America, 515 Michelin Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA e-mail: [email protected] B. Feneon : C. Delaitre Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Place des Carmes Déchaux, 63040 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 9, France
adhesive and kinetic energies, which helps understand when nanoparticles are or are not released. This method contributes to the assessment of workers’ exposure to nanoparticles during the various stages of the industrial process, which is an essential step in managing the risk associated with the use of nanomaterials in manufacturing. Keywords Graphene . Carbon nanotube . Nanoparticle composite . Rubber . Environmental and health effects
Introduction Fillers, such as silica and carbon black, have been used in rubber composites for decades (Donnet and Voet 1976; Vilgis et al. 2009) producing performance improvements such as reduced tire wear, reduced rolling resistance, and shorter vehicle braking distances. New nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Iijima 1991) and graphene (Novoselov et al. 2005), have the potential to become the next generation of rubber fillers, yet they have not found many commercial applications, in part due to unknown hazards which limit their industrial investigation. Over the last few decades, we have made real progress in our knowledge of nanoparticle t
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