Quantum Computation and Information From Theory to Experiment

Recently, the field of quantum computation and information has been developing through a fusion of results from various research fields in theoretical and practical areas. This book consists of the reviews of selected topics charterized by great

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Topics in Applied Physics Topics in Applied Physics is a well-established series of review books, each of which presents a comprehensive survey of a selected topic within the broad area of applied physics. Edited and written by leading research scientists in the field concerned, each volume contains review contributions covering the various aspects of the topic. Together these provide an overview of the state of the art in the respective field, extending from an introduction to the subject right up to the frontiers of contemporary research. Topics in Applied Physics is addressed to all scientists at universities and in industry who wish to obtain an overview and to keep abreast of advances in applied physics. The series also provides easy but comprehensive access to the fields for newcomers starting research. Contributions are specially commissioned. The Managing Editors are open to any suggestions for topics coming from the community of applied physicists no matter what the field and encourage prospective editors to approach them with ideas.

Managing Editors Dr. Claus E. Ascheron

Dr. Hans J. Koelsch

Springer-Verlag GmbH Tiergartenstr. 17 69121 Heidelberg Germany Email: [email protected]

Springer-Verlag New York, LLC 233, Spring Street New York, NY 10013 USA Email: [email protected]

Assistant Editor Adelheid H. Duhm Springer-Verlag GmbH Tiergartenstr. 17 69121 Heidelberg Germany Email: [email protected]

Hiroshi Imai

Masahito Hayashi (Eds.)

Quantum Computation and Information From Theory to Experiment

With 49 Figures

123

Hiroshi Imai Graduate School of Information, Science and Technology The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo, 113-8656 Japan and ERATO Quantum Computation and Information Project Japan Science and Technology Agency 201 Daini Hongo White Bldg 5-28-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [email protected]

Masahito Hayashi ERATO Quantum Computation and Information Project Japan Science and Technology Agency 201 Daini Hongo White Bldg 5-28-3, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033, Japan [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006923435

Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS): 03.67.Lx, 03.67.-a, 03.67.Dd, 03.67.Mn, 42.50.-p

ISSN print edition: 0303-4216 ISSN electronic edition: 1437-0859 ISBN-10 3-540-33132-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-33132-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of