Quorum Quenching Compounds from Natural Sources
Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial communication system wherein the production and secretion of small signaling molecules known as autoinducers enables the bacteria to express specific genes at particular population densities. Quorum quenching (QQ)
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G. Seghal Kiran, Saqib Hassan, Arya Sajayan, and Joseph Selvin
Abstract
Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial communication system wherein the production and secretion of small signaling molecules known as autoinducers enables the bacteria to express specific genes at particular population densities. Quorum quenching (QQ) can be used as an alternative approach to regulate pathogenicity. Well-established QQ strategies include amide bond hydrolysis, lactone hydrolysis, paraoxonase enzymes, and QQ modification of acyl chain. Plants in general lack advanced immune systems, and may have evolved to produce QQ compounds to combat with plant invading pathogens. Most common sources of QQ compounds in marine environment are bacteria, fungi, algae, bryozoan, corals, and sponges. Marine cyanobacteria have become one among the best source for obtaining biologically active and structurally unique QQ natural products. QQ compounds are being innovated as alternatives of antibiotics to treat pathogenic infections. Marine ecosystem is a unique and unexplored hotspot for the development of new derivatives of potential QQ compounds. Keywords
Quorum Quenching • Biofilm • Motility • Virulence • Signalling molecules
G. Seghal Kiran (*) • A. Sajayan Department of Food Science and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India e-mail: [email protected] S. Hassan • J. Selvin Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 S. Sugathan et al. (eds.), Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4284-3_14
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14.1 Introduction Quorum sensing (QS) comprises of a bacterial communication system wherein the production and secretion of small signaling molecules known as autoinducers occurs and these molecules get accumulated in the extracellular environment and increase in concentration as a function of cell density (Romero et al. 2011). This process assists bacteria in communication, regulating gene expression, and synchronizing phenotypic expression of biofilm development, motility, bioluminescence, and virulence factor production such as phospholipase, hemolysin, protease, etc. (Tang and Zhang 2014). Quorum sensing system was first mentioned in bioluminescent Vibrio fischeri, and the term “quorum sensing” was introduced by E.P. Greenburg (Nealson and Hastings 1979; Davis 2004). As quorum sensing plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of human, animal, and plant, the identification of mechanisms that can cause disruption of quorum sensing molecules in such pathogenic bacteria has become an interesting area of research in microbiology and many compounds have been found to be able to inhibit this signaling pathway in various pathogenic organisms and the trials are ongoing (Defoirdt et al. 2013). Identification of signaling molecules, their receptor and target site, and the mechanism of signaling are the important aspects of cell-cell communication in bacteria. Quorum sen
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