R4 regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) identify an ancient MHC-linked synteny group
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ORIGINAL PAPER
R4 regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) identify an ancient MHC-linked synteny group Jaanus Suurväli & Jacques Robert & Pierre Boudinot & Sirje Rüütel Boudinot
Received: 21 June 2012 / Accepted: 22 October 2012 / Published online: 6 November 2012 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are key regulators of G protein signaling. RGS proteins of the R4 RGS group are composed of a mere RGS domain and are mainly involved in immune response modulation. In both human and mouse, most genes encoding the R4 RGS proteins are located in the same region of chromosome 1. We show here that the RGS1/RGS16 neighborhood constitutes a synteny group well conserved across tetrapods and closely linked to the MHC paralogon of chromosome 1. Genes located in the RGS1/RGS16 region have paralogs close to the MHC on chromosome 6 or close to the other MHC paralogons. In amphioxus, a cephalochordate, these genes possess orthologs that are located in the same scaffolds as a number of markers defining the proto-MHC in this species (Abi-Rached et al., Nat Genet 31:100–115, 2002). We therefore propose that the RGS1/RGS16 region provides useful markers to investigate the origins and the evolution of the MHC. In addition, we show that some genes of the region Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00251-012-0661-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. J. Suurväli (*) : S. Rüütel Boudinot Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia e-mail: [email protected] J. Robert Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA P. Boudinot INRA, Molecular Virology and Immunology, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
appear to have immune functions not only in human, but also in Xenopus. Keyword Regulators of G protein signaling . Tetrapod evolution . Branchiostoma floridae . Proto-MHC . Xenopus tropicalis
Introduction Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are key factors in the regulation of a multitude of processes that are initiated by ligand binding to a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). They regulate the GDP/GTP exchange on the Gα subunit of the G proteins bound to GPCRs (reviewed by Bansal et al. 2007), thus controlling a vast number of processes requiring cell-to-cell communication, including development, neurotransmission, chemotaxis, endocrine regulation, visual and olfactory sensing, and, in fungi, even mating-type exclusion. It has been suggested that the components of GPCR signaling pathways have a prokaryotic origin, the signaling systems of unicellular eukaryotes representing a transitional stage between those found in prokaryotes and higher eukaryotes (Pertseva and Shpakov 2009). Moreover, the presence of the RGS domain has been reported in most, if not all, major eukaryotic groups (Anantharaman et al. 2011), and RGS domains therefore constitute very old structura
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