Race and Nature from Transcendentalism to the Harlem Renaissance

Drawing on theories of sublimity, trauma, and ecocriticism, this book examines how the often sharp division between European American and African American experiences of the natural world developed in American culture and history, and how those natural ex

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SIGNS OF RACE Series Editors: Phillip D. Beidler and Gary Taylor Writing Race across the Atlantic World: Medieval to Modern Edited by Phillip D. Beidler and Gary Taylor (January 2005) Buying Whiteness: Race, Culture, and Identity from Columbus to Hip-Hop By Gary Taylor (January 2005) English and Ethnicity Edited by Janina Brutt-Griffler and Catherine Evans Davies (December 2006) Women & Others: Perspectives on Race, Gender, and Empire Edited by Celia R. Daileader, Rhoda E. Johnson, and Amilcar Shabazz (September 2007) The Funk Era and Beyond: New Perspectives on Black Popular Culture Edited by Tony Bolden (August 2008) Race and Nature from Transcendentalism to the Harlem Renaissance By Paul Outka (August 2008)

R ac e a n d Nat u r e f rom Tr a ns c e n de n ta l ism t o t h e H a r l e m R e na iss a nc e

Paul O utk a

RACE AND NATURE FROM TRANSCENDENTALISM TO THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

Copyright © Paul Outka, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60296-0 All rights reserved. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the US—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-137-28052-7 ISBN 978-0-230-61449-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-61449-9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Outka, Paul. Race and nature from transcendentalism to the Harlem Renaissance / Paul Outka. p. cm.—(Signs of race) 1. Racism—United States—History—19th century. 2. Racism— United States—History—20th century. 3. African Americans— Race identity. 4. Whites—Race identity—United States. 5. Philosophy of nature—United States—History. 6. Wilderness areas—Social aspects—United States—History. 7. Wilderness areas—Political aspects—United States—History. 8. Environmentalism— Social aspects—United States—History. 9. Environmentalism— Political aspects—United States—History. 10. United States—Race relations. I. Title. E185.61.O88 2008 305.800973—dc22

2008000235

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: August 2008 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Transferred to Digital Printing in 2010.

C on t e n t s

List of Illustrations

vii

Series Editors’ Preface

ix

Acknowledgments

xi

1 Introduction: The Sublime and the Traumatic

1

2 The Colonial Pastoral, Abolition, and the Transcendentalist Sublime

27

3 “Behold a Man Transformed into a Brute”: Slavery and Antebellum Nature

51

4 Trauma, Postbellum Nostalgia, and the Lost Pastoral

81

5 Trauma and Metamorphosis in Charles Ches