Multiobjective Problem Solving from Nature From Concepts to Applicat

Multiobjective problems involve several competing measures of solution quality, and multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) and multiobjective problem solving have become important topics of research in the evolutionary computation community over t

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Advisory Board: S. Amari G. Brassard K.A. De Jong C.C.A.M. Gielen T. Head L. Kari L. Landweber T. Martinetz Z. Michalewicz M.C. Mozer E. Oja G. P˘aun J. Reif H. Rubin A. Salomaa M. Schoenauer H.-P. Schwefel C. Torras D. Whitley E. Winfree J.M. Zurada

Joshua Knowles · David Corne · Kalyanmoy Deb (Eds.)

Multiobjective Problem Solving from Nature From Concepts to Applications

With 178 Figures and 53 Tables

123

Editors

Series Editors

Joshua Knowles Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN, UK [email protected]

G. Rozenberg (Managing Editor) [email protected]

David Corne Room G39 Earl Mountbatten Building Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK [email protected]

Th. Bäck, J.N. Kok, H.P. Spaink Leiden Center for Natural Computing Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 1 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands A.E. Eiben Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam The Netherlands

Kalyanmoy Deb Dept. of Business Technology Helsinki School of Economics P.O. Box 1210 FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland [email protected] and Deva Raj Chair Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur, PIN 208016, India [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007936865

ACM Computing Classification (2008): F.2, G.1, I.2, J.6 ISSN 1619-7127 ISBN 978-3-540-72963-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: by the Editors Production: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry, India Cover Design: KünkelLopka, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper

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To Julia and Luca (JK) To Mervyn Joseph Corne (DC) To Debjani (KD)

Preface

To those unfamiliar with the field of evolutionary computation (EC), its problem-solving achievements must seem as magical, nearly, as the products of natural evolution itself. Air traffic control in four dimensions and robot teams that perform co-operative navigation; billion-transistor microchips and expert-level poker playing: these are not the future, but just some of the past trophies of the computer scientist’s version of descent with mod