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Radiation effects in crystalline ceramics for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium W. J. Weber Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, M.S. K2-44, Richland, Washington, 99352

R. C. Ewing Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109

C. R. A. Catlow The Royal Institution, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1X 4BS, United Kingdom

T. Diaz de la Rubia Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94550

L. W. Hobbs Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139

C. Kinoshita Department of Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukoka 812, Japan

Hj. Matzke European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Postfach 2340, 76125 Karlsruhe, Germany

A. T. Motta Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

M. Nastasi Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545

E. K. H. Salje Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom

E. R. Vance Materials Division, ANSTO, Menai NSW 2234, Australia

S. J. Zinkle Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 (Received 25 November 1997; accepted 17 February 1998)

This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the state-of-knowledge of radiation effects in crystalline ceramics that may be used for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste and plutonium. The current understanding of radiation damage processes, defect generation, microstructure development, theoretical methods, and experimental methods are reviewed. Fundamental scientific and technological issues that offer opportunities for research are identified. The most important issue is the need for an understanding of the radiation-induced structural changes at the atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic levels, and the effect of these changes on the release rates of radionuclides during corrosion. 1434

http://journals.cambridge.org

J. Mater. Res., Vol. 13, No. 6, Jun 1998

Downloaded: 20 May 2014

 1998 Materials Research Society

IP address: 164.41.102.240

W. J. Weber et al.: Radiation effects in crystalline ceramics for the immobilization of high-level nuclear waste

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION

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II. RADIONUCLIDE IMMOBILIZATION IN CRYSTALLINE PHASES

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III. PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION EFFECTS A. Radiation sources B. Interaction of radiation with solids 1. Ionization and electronic excitation 2. Ballistic processes 3. Transmutations and gas production C. Irradiation techniques 1. Actinide-incorporation 2. Actinides in natural minerals 3. Charged-particle irradiation 4. Gamma irradiation 5. Neutron irradiation D. Damage production E. Radiation damage kinetics

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IV. RADIATION EFFECTS IN MULTIPHASE CERAMIC WASTE FORMS A. Sy