Radiolabelled PSMA PET/CT or PET/MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a systematic review
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Radiolabelled PSMA PET/CT or PET/MRI in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a systematic review Francesco Dondi1 · Domenico Albano1 · Elisabetta Cerudelli1 · Maria Gazzilli1 · Raffaele Giubbini1 · Giorgio Treglia2,3,4 · Francesco Bertagna1 Received: 18 September 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Introduction Radiolabelled prostate-specific membrane antigen PSMA-based PET/CT or PET/MRI is a whole-body imaging technique usually performed for the detection of prostate cancer lesions. PSMA has been also demonstrated to be expressed by the neovasculature of many other solid tumors. The aim of this review is to evaluate the possible diagnostic role of radiolabelled PSMA PET/CT or PET/MRI in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, by summarizing the available literature data. Methods A wide literature search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane library databases was made to find relevant published articles about the diagnostic performance of radiolabelled PSMA binding agents in PET/CT or PET/MRI imaging of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Results Ten case reports and three studies showed that hepatocellular carcinoma is PSMA-avid. Conclusion Radiolabelled PSMA imaging seems to be useful in analyzing hepatocellular carcinoma. Further studies enrolling a wider population are needed to clarify the real clinical and diagnostic role of radiolabelled PSMA in this setting. Keywords PSMA · HCC · Positron emission tomography · PET/CT · PET/MRI
Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver malignancy and it is one of the most common cancer in the world with high mortality rate. Although there are epidemiological differences according to the geographical area considered, risk factors for the development of HCC include chronic hepatitis B and C, hepatic steatosis, alcohol consumption, genetic factors and liver inflammation or injury [1]. Patients with early HCC, who receive * Francesco Dondi [email protected] 1
Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili di Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
2
Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Center, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Lugano, Switzerland
3
Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
4
Health Technology Assessment Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
potentially curative therapy (liver transplantation or resection) reach 5-year survival rates near 70%; on the other hand patients with advanced HCC have a median survival of less than 1 year. An early diagnosis is therefore fundamental to improve survival. Imaging is pivotal in the management of HCC allowing screening populations at risk, confirming the diagnosis, guiding therapy, following up and aims to characterize the tumor and to define the remote extent. Many cases of HCC are diagnosed via imaging as (computed tomography) CT or (magnetic r
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