Rapalogues as hCES2A Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Rapalogues as hCES2A Inhibitors: In Vitro and In Silico Investigations Cheng‑Cheng Shi1,2 · Yun‑Qing Song3 · Rong‑Jing He3 · Xiao‑Qing Guan3 · Li‑Lin Song3 · Shi‑Tong Chen2 · Meng‑Ru Sun3 · Guang‑Bo Ge3 · Li‑Rong Zhang2
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Background and Objective Rapamycin and its semi-synthetic analogues (rapalogues) are frequently used in combination with other prescribed medications in clinical settings. Although the inhibitory effects of rapalogues on cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) have been well examined, the inhibition potentials of rapalogues on human esterases have not been investigated. Herein, the inhibition potentials and inhibitory mechanisms of six marketed rapalogues on human esterases are investigated. Methods The inhibitory effects of six marketed rapalogues (rapamycin, zotarolimus, temsirolimus, everolimus, pimecrolimus and tacrolimus) on three major esterases, including human carboxylesterases 1 (hCES1A), human carboxylesterases 2 (hCES2A) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), were assayed using isozyme-specific substrates. Inhibition kinetic analyses and docking simulations were performed to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of the rapalogues with strong hCES2A inhibition potency. Results Zotarolimus and pimecrolimus displayed strong inhibition of human hCES2A but these agents did not inhibit hCES1A or BuChE. Further investigation demonstrated that zotarolimus could strongly inhibit intracellular hCES2A in living HepG2 cells, with an estimated I C50 value of 4.09 µM. Inhibition kinetic analyses revealed that zotarolimus inhibited hCES2A-catalyzed fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis in a mixed manner, with the Ki value of 1.61 µM. Docking simulations showed that zotarolimus could tightly bind on hCES2A at two district ligand-binding sites, consistent with its mixed inhibition mode. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that several marketed rapalogues are potent and specific hCES2A inhibitors, and these agents can serve as leading compounds for the development of more efficacious hCES2A inhibitors to modulate the pharmacokinetic profiles and toxicity of hCES2A-substrate drugs (such as the anticancer agent irinotecan).
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13318-020-00659-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Cheng‑Cheng Shi [email protected] * Guang‑Bo Ge [email protected] * Li‑Rong Zhang [email protected] 1
2
Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, People’s Republic of China
3
Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, People’s Republic of China Vol.:(0123456789)
C.-C. Shi et al.
Graphic Abstract
Key Points The inhibitory e
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