Rapid aerobic granulation using biochar for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Rapid aerobic granulation using biochar for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater Xin Wang1 · Jie Ming1 · Chun‑Mao Chen1 · Brandon A. Yoza2 · Qian‑Wei Li1 · Jia‑Hao Liang1 · Geoffrey Michael Gadd3 · Qing‑Hong Wang1 Received: 14 April 2020 / Published online: 28 August 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Aerobic granular sludge technology has great potential for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. However, strategies to shorten the granulation time and improvement the stability still need to be developed. In this work, biochar was prepared from waste petroleum activated sludge (biochar-WPS) and used in a sequencing batch reactor for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Biochar-WPS presented the surface area of 229.77 m2/g, pore volume of 0.28 cm3/g, H/C and O/C atomic ratios of 0.42 and 0.21, respectively. The porous structure and a high degree of hydrophilicity were found to facilitate microbial colonization and adhesion as well as particle aggregation. Application of biochar-WPS resulted in the formation of more substantial and stable aerobic granules (~ 66% of granules > 0.46 mm diameter) 15 days earlier compared with the control. The addition of biochar-WPS enhanced the average removal efficiency of chemical organic demand (~ 3%), oil (~ 4%) and total nitrogen (~ 10%) over the control. Increased microbial richness and diversity were observed within the formed granules and had an increased (~ 4%) proportion of denitrifying bacteria. These results indicate that an aerobic granulation mechanism using biochar-WPS is a feasible option for the treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater. Keywords Biochar · Petroleum refinery wastewater · Petroleum activated sludge · Granular sludge · Denitrifying bacteria
1 Introduction Crude oil refining results in the generation of large quantities of wastewater (Petroleum Refinery Wastewater, PRW), often with a complex chemical compositions and poor biodegradability (Kaiser 2017). PRW contains abundant organics substrates such as hydrocarbons, naphthenic acid and Edited by Xiu-Qiu Peng Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00499-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Qing‑Hong Wang [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
2
Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
3
Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
heterocyclic compounds as well as nitrogen-containing compounds which are mainly removed through biological treatment methods (Wang et al. 2016). The most common biological treatment processes utilize activated sludge (anoxic/ oxic process, anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process). These established processes are generally straightforward in operation but limited by low biomass re
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