Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Cardiac Markers in Human Serum Using Surface Acoustic Wave Immunosensor
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Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Cardiac Markers in Human Serum Using Surface Acoustic Wave Immunosensor Joonhyung Lee1, Youn-Suk Choi1, Yeolho Lee1, Hun Joo Lee1, Jung Nam Lee1, Sang Kyu Kim1, Kyung Yeon Han1, Eun Chol Cho1, Jae Chan Park1, and Soo Suk Lee1 1 Bio Lab., Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., San #141, Nongseo-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT We present a rapid and sensitive surface acoustic wave (SAW) immunosensor that utilizes gold staining as a signal enhancement method. A sandwich immunoassay was performed on sensing area of the SAW sensor, which could specifically capture and detect cardiac markers (cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK)-MB, and myoglobin). The analytes in human serum were captured on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that were conjugated in advance with detection antibodies. Introduction of these complexes to the capture antibody-immobilized sensor surface resulted in a classic AuNP-based sandwich immunoassay format that has been used for signal amplification. In order to achieve further signal enhancement, a gold staining method was performed, which demonstrated that it is possible to obtain gold staining-mediated signal augmentation on a mass-sensitive device. The sensor response due to gold staining varied as a function of cardiac marker concentration. INTRODUCTION Detection of proteins in a sensitive and rapid manner is essential in clinical applications [1,2]. Today, most of common biosensing platforms require the use of labels, such as fluorophores and radiolabels. However, these techniques require long sample preparation time and additional cost due to the labeling process [3,4]. Label-free techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [5], quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) [6], and surface acoustic wave (SAW) [7], have been developed to alleviate this concern. SAW sensor has been widely investigated and used to detect a variety of target analytes due to its high sensitivity, low cost, and reliability [7]. Among surface acoustic wave biochemical platforms, shear-horizontal (SH) SAW sensor has been demonstrated to be effective in recognizing binding events of various biomolecules in liquid-phase, which operates based on changes in mass, temperature, viscosity and pH [8,9]. In particular, guided SH-SAW sensor (also known as Love wave sensor) that consists of an SH-SAW substrate with an overlayer having a lower shear wave velocity has been shown to be one of the most promising platforms for biosensor applications due to its high sensitivity [10.11]. Role of the overlayer is to trap the acoustic energy near the sensing surface, thus yielding high sensitivity to any physical perturbation on the surface, such as changes in mass density, mechanical stiffness, viscosity, pressure or temperature. Furthermore, the overlayer can also protect interdigital transducer (IDT) electrodes from the liquid environment. Various dielectric materials, such as silicon dioxide (SiO2) [12], zinc oxide (ZnO) [13], and po
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