Real-Time Implementation of Maximum Power Point Methods for Photovoltaic Systems
The eco-friendly solution to the ever expanding demands of the energy supplies has seen a substantial growth of installed renewable energy integration to the grid in the last decade. The major portion of the installed capacity is from the photovoltaic sys
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Abstract The eco-friendly solution to the ever expanding demands of the energy supplies has seen a substantial growth of installed renewable energy integration to the grid in the last decade. The major portion of the installed capacity is from the photovoltaic system due to several factors like reduction in capital investment, an increase in efficiency of modules and converters, favorable government policies. The maximum power point tracking enables the maximum utilization of the available power with a constant change in environmental conditions. These techniques are judged on accuracy, speed, efficiency and fewer oscillations. Several strategies have been proposed in the last decade to maximize the power output. The article provides an overview of the operational principle of such techniques. The simulation and real-time hardware implementation have been done using Atmega328 microcontroller to verify the several performance features.
Keywords Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) Photovoltaic system (PVS) Real-time implementation (RTI) Perturb and observe (P&O) Sensors
1 Introduction Solar PV energy conversion system has seen a tremendous growth in India from 161 MW in 2010 to 4097 MW in 2015 [1]. The motivation for such growth is based on several factors such as the reduction in the capital investment, increase in the efficiency of the PV modules, increased environmental awareness and favorable feed-in tariffs designed by the government. Photovoltaic systems are majorly
A. Ahmad (&) P. Samuel Department of Electrical Engineering, MNNIT Allahabad, Allahabad, India e-mail: [email protected] P. Samuel e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 S. SenGupta et al. (eds.), Advances in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 435, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4286-7_67
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classified into the stand-alone system and grid-connected system [2]. The stand-alone systems are useful for remote areas where access to electricity is limited. Although the stand-alone configuration may provide regulated load voltage, but the reliability of such system is not guaranteed because of stochastic nature of sunlight [3]. Its reliability can be improved by the installation of energy storage batteries. The recent advancement in power electronics technology made the integration of a PV system to the grid possible with low losses and high efficiency [4]. The photovoltaic system consists of highly nonlinear characteristics of power– voltage and current–voltage curves, which are continuously changing with the variation in irradiation and change in temperature as shown in Fig. 1. The MPPT controller thus plays a vitally important role in sensing and acting in response to rapid changes in the characteristics of the photovoltaic system, thereby ensuring the extraction of the maximum power at all times. The PV source operates in linkage with the DC–DC converter, whose duty cycle is modulated with the tracking dynamics on maximum power point i
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