Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds J. Felipe Osorio-Tobo´n1
Revised: 27 March 2020 / Accepted: 8 April 2020 Ó Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (India) 2020
Abstract Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites produced by plants under stressful conditions. Phenolic compounds play an important role in the prevention and treatment of certain illnesses and are exploited by the food and pharmaceutical industries. Conventional methods are commonly used as models to compare the efficiencies of alternative extraction methods. Among alternative extraction processes, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) are the most studied. These methods produce extracts rich in phenolic compounds using moderate temperatures, short extraction times, and solvents generally recognized as safe. The combination of extraction time and temperature plays a critical role in the stability of the compounds. Solvents of higher polarity enhance the extraction of phenolic compounds. The use of the ethanol–water mixture for MAE, PLE, and UAE is recommended. MAE and UAE involve shorter extraction times than do PLE and SFE. SFE requires a low average temperature (40 °C). MAE produces the highest total phenolic content [227.63 mg GAE/g dry basis (d.b.)], followed by PLE (173.65 mg GAE/g d.b.), UAE (92.99 mg GAE/g d.b.) and SFE (37 mg GAE/g d.b.). Extraction yields and recovery rates of the phenolic compounds can be enhanced by combining and integrating extraction methods.
& J. Felipe Osorio-Tobo´n [email protected] 1
Faculty of Health Sciences, University Institution Colegio Mayor de Antioquia (COLMAYOR), Carrera 78 # 65–46, Medellı´n 050036, Antioquia, Colombia
Keywords Phenolic compounds Conventional extraction methods Alternative extraction methods Process parameters Process integration
Introduction Phenolic compounds are a ubiquitous group of secondary metabolites in fruits and vegetables. Experts recommended a diet rich in fruits and vegetables in part because they are an important source of phenolic compounds, which play an important role in the prevention and treatment of certain illnesses (Luna-Guevara et al. 2018). For instance, phenolic compounds are widely used as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents (Tanase et al. 2019). Phenolic compounds also exhibit antiallergenic, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory activities that can be exploited by food and pharmaceutical industries. As phenolic compounds are found in all plants, almost all research related to the extraction of phenolic compounds focuses on bioprospecting for new plant varieties to serve as sources of these compounds. Phenolic compounds could be valuable components of products that decrease the risk of cardiovascular and neurological diseases as well as cancer. Meanwhile, the antioxidant power of phenolic compounds suggests they
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