Recent Advances and Future Directions on Underwater Wireless Communications
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Recent Advances and Future Directions on Underwater Wireless Communications Mohammad Furqan Ali1 · Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody1,2 · Yury Alexandrovich Chursin1 · Soféine Affes3 · Sonkin Dmitry1 Received: 11 February 2019 / Accepted: 12 July 2019 © CIMNE, Barcelona, Spain 2019
Abstract More than 75% of the Earth surface is covered by water in the form of oceans. The oceans are unexplored and very far-fetched to investigate due to distinct phenomenal activities in the underwater environment. Underwater wireless communication (UWC) plays a significant role in observation of marine life, water pollution, oil and gas rig exploration, surveillance of natural disasters, naval tactical operations for coastal securities and to observe the changes in the underwater environment. In this regard, the widespread adoption of UWC has become a vital field of study to envisage various military and commercial applications that have been growing interest to explore the underwater environment for numerous applications. Acoustic, Optical and RF wireless carriers have been chosen to be used for data transmission in an underwater environment. The internet of underwater things (IoUT) and next-generation (5G) networks have a great impact on UWC as they support the improvement of the data rate, connectivity, and energy efficiency. In addition to the potential emerging UWC techniques, assisted by 5G network and improve existing work is also focusing in this study. This survey presents a comprehensive overview of existing UWC techniques, with possible future directions and recommendations to enable the next generation wireless networking systems in the underwater environment. The current project schemes, applications and deployment of latest amended UWC techniques are also discussed. The main initiatives and contributions of current wireless communication schemes in underwater for improving quality of service and quality of energy of the system over long distances are also mentioned.
1 Introduction
* Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody [email protected] Mohammad Furqan Ali [email protected] Yury Alexandrovich Chursin [email protected] Soféine Affes [email protected] Sonkin Dmitry [email protected] 1
School of Computer Science and Robotics, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia 634050
2
Faculty of Engineering, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka 11500, Sri Lanka
3
INRS-EMT, 800, de la Gauchetire Ouest, Bureau 6900, Montreal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada
Global warming became a prior issue for several decades, due to the direct involvement of climatic changes [1]. Due to the continuous rise of global warming in the near future, the polar ice sheets will melt gradually and contribute to the rising of the sea water level. Hence, it is necessary to observe oceanic environmental activities, collection of oceanographic data, water sampling and water pollution. In recent decades, there has been a significant gain in the interest of studying, changes in the global climate, the exploration of the oceanic environment monitoring a
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