Human iPS Cell-derived Tissue Engineered Vascular Graft: Recent Advances and Future Directions
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Human iPS Cell-derived Tissue Engineered Vascular Graft: Recent Advances and Future Directions Xiangyu Shi 1,2 & Lile He 3 & Shang-Min Zhang 4 & Jiesi Luo 2,5 Accepted: 19 November 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) generated from human primary cells represent a promising vascular interventional therapy. However, generation and application of these TEVGs may be significantly hindered by the limited accessibility, finite expandability, donor-donor functional variation and immune-incompatibility of primary seed cells from donors. Alternatively, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer an infinite source to obtain functional vascular cells in large quantity and comparable quality for TEVG construction. To date, TEVGs (hiPSC-TEVGs) with significant mechanical strength and implantability have been generated using hiPSC-derived seed cells. Despite being in its incipient stage, this emerging field of hiPSC-TEVG research has achieved significant progress and presented promising future potential. Meanwhile, a series of challenges pertaining hiPSC differentiation, vascular tissue engineering technologies and future production and application await to be addressed. Herein, we have composed this review to introduce progress in TEVG generation using hiPSCs, summarize the current major challenges, and encapsulate the future directions of research on hiPSC-based TEVGs. Keywords Human induced pluripotent stem cell . Tissue engineering . Tissue engineered vascular graft . Smooth muscle cell . Endothelial cell
Introduction There is a substantial and urgent need for vascular grafts in clinic due to the rampage of life-threatening cardiovascular lesions and trauma. For example, vascular grafts are utilized to provide bypass in 400,000 cases of coronary artery disease treatments every year in United States [1]; vascular grafts are also largely demanded to treat the limb- or life-threatening peripheral vascular trauma [2]. The types of vascular grafts
* Jiesi Luo [email protected] 1
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
2
Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Room 752, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
3
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
4
Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 06520 New Haven, CT, USA
5
Yale Stem Cell Center, 06520 New Haven, CT, USA
include native vascular tissue-based grafts and synthetic materials-based vascular prosthesis. These vascular grafts are employed in clinics worldwide, while their widespread application could be severely hampered due to a series of limitations: autologous vessels are usually considered as the first option because of their optimal mechanical properties and immunocompatibility, but accessibili
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