Recent advances in the applications of substituted polyanilines and their blends and composites
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Recent advances in the applications of substituted polyanilines and their blends and composites Julia Sebastian1 · Jhancy Mary Samuel1 Received: 21 July 2019 / Revised: 13 December 2019 / Accepted: 17 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Conducting polymers remain as a key invention to the researchers in the last 3 decades. Among them, polyaniline serves as a potential candidate with feasible strategies to solve the current problems. Polyaniline is known for its extraordinary features such as ease of synthesis, low cost, considerable electrical conductivity, rich chemistry and strengthened biocompatibility. The scientific world has now diverged to the area of substituted polyanilines in the recent past owing to the efficient solubility, processability and extended applications in different fields. This review highlights the application aspects of the derivatives of polyanilines and their blends and composites in recent years. The wide application potentials of substituted polyanilines and their blends and composites in diverse fields such as in sensors, electrochromic display devices, solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, semiconductors and anticorrosion materials, and in a variety of biological applications, have been highlighted. This review would bring new insights into polymer researchers to unravel novel applications. Keywords Polyaniline · Substituted polyanilines · Blends · Composites · Applications
Introduction Polyaniline, the topic of interest has a historical background dating back to the 1830s. In 1834, it was F. Ferdinand Runge who discovered the oxidative polymerization of aniline for the first time [1], and in 1862, the electrochemical oxidation of aniline was demonstrated by Henry Lethe [2]. Several reactions with aniline were performed by scientists in the mid-eighteenth century, and polyaniline was known with different names such as krystalline, kyanol, aniline, benzidam and aniline black. [3]. Polyacetylene was found to be conducting in the mid–late 1970s by * Jhancy Mary Samuel [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Auxilium College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
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the scientists MacDiarmid, Shirakawa and Heeger, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 [4–6]. The puzzling polymer of the eighteenth century had a turning point after this discovery. Polyaniline was found to possess high conductivity in addition to a few other intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) such as polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(p-phenylenevinylene) and poly(p-phenylene) as shown in Fig. 1 [7]. Conjugated π electron system in their structure makes the polymers conducting. During the 1980s, the main focus of the researchers was to synthesize, characterize and study the electrical conductivity of polyaniline. But now the scientific world is interested in utilizing this material in a wide variety of applications. As we have stepped into the twenty-first century and now wi
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