Recent Advances of Organic Near-Infrared II Fluorophores in Optical Properties and Imaging Functions
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Recent Advances of Organic Near-Infrared II Fluorophores in Optical Properties and Imaging Functions Haoli Yu, Min Ji State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
Abstract Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging (FI) has become a research hotspot because of its distinctive imaging properties: high temporal resolution and sensitivity. Especially in recent years, with the research focus of NIR FI shifting to the NIR-II region, which has better imaging performance, it is expected that NIR FI will find significant applications in the field of in vivo imaging. One of the most crucial directions for research into NIR-II FI is the promotion of novel NIR-II fluorophores with superior imaging properties. The remarkable advantages of organic NIR-II fluorophores in biosafety make them more promising than other fluorescent materials in certain applications. But serious defects in their fluorescence performance preclude particular imaging effects and limit imaging functions. In this review, we summarize and discuss the recent leading literature on overcoming the defects of organic NIR-II fluorophores, demonstrating the potential for further improving their imaging properties. In addition, we cover the functions of NIR-II FI that are promoted by the development of fluorophores, notably including its outlook on molecular imaging in vivo. Key words: NIR-II fluorescence imaging, Organic NIR-II fluorophores, Optical properties, NIR-II imaging functions, Molecular imaging
Introduction Medical imaging has become a supporting discipline in clinical medicine that can not only diagnose and visualize disease superbly but also help to promote the study of pathological mechanisms [1]. The application of medical imaging methods is usually limited in two main ways: by the pace of the development of the underlying basic science (mainly the feasibility of its imaging principle) and by the progress of the industrialization of related instruments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound (US) are the earliest imaging methods in traditional medical imaging because of their simplicity and feasibility. Positron emission tomography (PET)
Correspondence to: Min Ji; e-mail: [email protected]
developed relatively late because of its basis in the newest medical imaging method—molecular imaging [2]. These imaging technologies possess unique advantages and characteristics in their exclusive field due to their superior spatial resolution and tissue penetration, which allows them to diagnose most pathological changes in clinic (Table 1) [3– 5]. Nevertheless, these imaging methods retain defects that lead us to develop other imaging technologies. Low temporal resolution and post-processing speed make it impossible to achieve long-term or dynamic imaging, such as intraoperative imaging and hemodynamic evaluation [6]. Although US imaging can partially offset these
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