Recent development of hydrodynamic modeling in heavy-ion collisions
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Recent development of hydrodynamic modeling in heavy-ion collisions Chun Shen1,2
•
Li Yan3
Received: 30 June 2020 / Revised: 19 October 2020 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 Ó China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. (Science Press), Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Nuclear Society and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract We present a concise review of the recent development of relativistic hydrodynamics and its applications to heavy-ion collisions. Theoretical progress on the extended formulation of hydrodynamics toward out-ofequilibrium systems is addressed, with emphasis on the socalled attractor solution. Moreover, recent phenomenological improvements in the hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions with respect to the ongoing beam energy scan program, the quantitative characterization of transport coefficients in three-dimensionally expanding quark–gluon plasma, the fluid description of small colliding systems, and certain other interdisciplinary connections are discussed. Keywords Heavy-ion collisions Hydrodynamics QCD
This work was supported in part by the US Department of Energy (DOE) (No. DE-SC0013460), the National Science Foundation (NSF) (No. PHY-2012922), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11975079), and the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics, within the framework of the Beam Energy Scan Theory (BEST) Topical Collaboration. & Li Yan [email protected] Chun Shen [email protected] 1
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
2
RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
3
Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Ion-Beam Application (MOE), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
1 Introduction Smashing heavy nuclei at high energies in large particle accelerators routinely creates extreme conditions to study the properties of many-body systems whose interactions are governed by quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Within a few yoctoseconds (1024 s), the collision systems are compressed to 1030 atm and reach several trillion degrees Kelvin. A novel state of matter with deconfined quarks and gluons is formed under such extreme conditions, which is called quark–gluon plasma (QGP). The QGP created in laboratories is a relativistic dynamical system, which expands and evolves like a nearly perfect liquid [1]. The size of the liquid droplet depends on the size of the colliding nuclei, which may vary from O(10) fm in gold–gold collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, or lead–lead collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, to O(1) fm in small colliding systems such as the proton–lead or even proton–proton collisions carried out at these facilities. The fluidity of QGP is one of the main subjects that has been explored in heavy-ion collisions. From experiments, it has
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