On nonlinearity in hydrodynamic response to the initial geometry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
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Regular Article -Theoretical Physics
On nonlinearity in hydrodynamic response to the initial geometry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions Dan Wen1,2 , Kai Lin3,4 , Wei-Liang Qian1,2,4,a , Bin Wang1, Yogiro Hama5 , Takeshi Kodama6,7 1
School of Physical Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, Jiangsu, China Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Guaratinguetá, SP 12516-410, Brazil 3 Hubei Subsurface Multi-scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China 4 Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, SP 12602-810, Brazil 5 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, C.P. 66318, São Paulo, SP 05315-970, Brazil 6 Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.P. 68528, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21945-970, Brazil 7 Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24210-346, Brazil
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Received: 28 May 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Società Italiana di Fisica and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Communicated by Giorgio Torrieri
Abstract In the context of event-by-event hydrodynamic description, we analyze the implications of two models characterized by distinct initial conditions. The initial energy density of the first model adopts a Gaussian-type distribution, while those of the second one are features by high energy peripheral tubes. We calibrate the initial conditions of both models so that their initial probability distribution of eccentricity are mostly identical. Subsequently, the resultant scaled probability distributions of collective flow and the correlations between flow harmonic and eccentricity coefficients are investigated. Besides, the calculations are carried out for particle correlations regarding the symmetric cumulant, mixed harmonics, and nonlinear response coefficients. Although the resultant two-particle correlations possess similar shapes, numerical calculations indicate a subtle difference between the two models. To be specific, the difference resides in more detailed observables such as the probability distributions of elliptic flow as well as Pearson correlation coefficient regarding higher-order harmonics. We discuss several essential aspects concerning the linearity and nonlinearity between initial eccentricities and final state anisotropies. Further implications are addressed.
1 Introduction The success of the hydrodynamic description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions plays a vital part in our ongoing endeavor to understand the properties of QCD matter [1– a e-mail:
[email protected] (corresponding author)
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6]. The essence of hydrodynamical evolution, by and large, has been attributed to the dynamic response to fluctuating initial conditions (IC). Moreover, as hydrodynamics is known for its highly nonlinear characteristics, various studies have been carried out to explore this aspect. In particular, much efforts have been devoted to the relationship b
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