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(2020) 36:178

REVIEW

Recent developments in siderotyping: procedure and application Pratika Singh1 · Azmi Khan1 · Rakesh Kumar2 · Ravinsh Kumar1 · Vijay Kumar Singh2 · Amrita Srivastava1  Received: 20 August 2020 / Accepted: 27 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020

Abstract Siderophores are metal chelating secondary metabolites secreted by almost all organisms. Beside iron starvation, the ability to produce siderophores depends upon several other factors. Chemical structure of siderophore is very complex with vast structural diversity, thus the principle challenge involves its detection, quantification, purification and characterisation. Metal chelation is its most fascinating attribute. This metal chelation property is now forming the basis of its application as molecular markers, siderotyping tool for taxonomic clarification, biosensors and bioremediation agents. This has led researchers to develop and continuously modify previous techniques in order to provide accurate and reproducible methods of studying siderophores. Knowledge obtained via computational approaches provides a new horizon in the field of siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters and their interaction with various proteins/peptides. This review illustrates various techniques, bioinformatics tools and databases employed in siderophores’ studies, the principle of analytical methods and their recent applications. Keywords  Iron · Metal chelation · Secondary metabolite · Siderophores · Siderotyping

Introduction Universally known metal chelators termed siderophores are secondary metabolites synthesized by several organisms to meet their iron demand with the help of non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (Neilands 1995; Paul and Dubey 2015). These secondary metabolites are known for their requirement in iron acquisition under iron stressed condition. Microbial behaviour and social interactions with immediate communities are largely governed by secondary metabolites. Similarly, plant—rhizobial community, host—pathogen interactions or iron stress responses are all administered through secondary metabolites. The latter seem to include siderophores as a major component. Iron takes part in several essential metabolic events including electron transfer chain, autotrophic carbon fixation, cell growth and differentiation,

* Amrita Srivastava [email protected] 1



Department of Life Science, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, India



Department of Bioinformatics, School of Earth, Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya 824236, India

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cofactors for hemoproteins and is abundantly present as ­Fe3+ ions. Still iron remains scarcely available because living organisms can only utilize iron as ferrous ions. Several plants and microbes therefore synthesize and secrete siderophores that bind extracellular F ­ e3+ ions and help in their uptake in the form of siderophore—iron complex. In a diverse community, various organisms compete for iron uptake b