Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment
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Journal of Nanobiotechnology Open Access
REVIEW
Recent progress in the development of upconversion nanomaterials in bioimaging and disease treatment Gaofeng Liang1*, Haojie Wang1, Hao Shi2, Haitao Wang3, Mengxi Zhu1, Aihua Jing2, Jinghua Li2 and Guangda Li2
Abstract Multifunctional lanthanide-based upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which feature efficiently convert low-energy photons into high-energy photons, have attracted considerable attention in the domain of materials science and biomedical applications. Due to their unique photophysical properties, including light-emitting stability, excellent upconversion luminescence efficiency, low autofluorescence, and high detection sensitivity, and high penetration depth in samples, UCNPs have been widely applied in biomedical applications, such as biosensing, imaging and theranostics. In this review, we briefly introduced the major components of UCNPs and the luminescence mechanism. Then, we compared several common design synthesis strategies and presented their advantages and disadvantages. Several examples of the functionalization of UCNPs were given. Next, we detailed their biological applications in bioimaging and disease treatment, particularly drug delivery and photodynamic therapy, including antibacterial photodynamic therapy. Finally, the future practical applications in materials science and biomedical fields, as well as the remaining challenges to UCNPs application, were described. This review provides useful practical information and insights for the research on and application of UCNPs in the field of cancer. Keywords: Upconversion, PDT, Biomedical applications, Drug delivery, Bioimaging, aPDT Introduction Traditional surgery and chemotherapy often lead to infection and recurrently [1]. Biotherapeutics including the emerging photodynamic therapy (PDT), which involves precise treatment of tumor cells by in situ generations of singlet oxygen, have proven to be effective disease treatment techniques. These efficient and promising therapies form a new category in the field of disease therapy [2–4]. Before disease treatment was administered, a variety of imaging technologies were employed for cancer diagnosis, including computed tomography (CT) scan, X-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
emission tomography (PET) scan, and fluorescence imaging. The commonly used imaging probes, such as fluorescent dyes and fluorescent proteins, have gained a great deal of appreciation. Nevertheless, they are plagued with deficient detection sensitivity, fast photobleaching, and high toxicity, and have no treatment effect whatsoever. It was difficult to find a dual functional material that can serve as an imaging probe and a drug carrier simultaneously. As an effective drug delivery carrier, it should satisfy the following criteria: (1) effective drug d
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