Recent advances in nanomaterials for sonodynamic therapy
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Recent advances in nanomaterials for sonodynamic therapy Ting Xu1, Shaojing Zhao1, Changwei Lin2 (), Xiuli Zheng3 (), and Minhuan Lan1 () Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China 2 Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Third XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China 3 Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 1
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020 Received: 25 May 2020 / Revised: 13 July 2020 / Accepted: 18 July 2020
ABSTRACT Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), as a novel non-invasive strategy for eliminating tumor, has the advantages of deeper tissue penetration, fewer side effects, and better patient compliance, compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT). In SDT, ultrasound was used to activate sonosensitizer to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), induce the collapse of vacuoles in solution, and bring about irreversible damage to cancer cells. In recent years, much effort has been devoted to developing highly efficient sonosensitizers which can efficiently generate ROS. However, the traditional organic sonosensitizers, such as porphyrins, hypericin, and curcumins, suffer from complex synthesis, poor water solubility, and low tumor targeting efficacy which limit the benefits of SDT. In contrast, inorganic sonosensitizers show good in vivo stability, controllable physicochemical properties, ease of achieving multifunctionality, and high tumor targeting, which greatly expanded their application in SDT. In this review, we systematically summarize the nanomaterials which act as the carrier of molecular sonosensitizers, and directly produce ROS under ultrasound. Moreover, the prospects of inorganic nanomaterials for SDT application are also discussed.
KEYWORDS sonodynamic therapy, sonosensitizers, reactive oxygen species, carriers, nanomaterial
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Introduction
Cancer is the main cause of human death in our country [1–3]. Conventional cancer treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have certain advantages and side effects. For example, surgery can be major trauma to the human body, but result in postoperative complications, while the radiotherapy and chemotherapy may destroy the human immune system and induce serious side effects [4–7]. Development of low-toxic and non-invasive cancer therapies have received increasing interests in recent years [8–12]. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically used non-invasive technique for superficial skin cancer. Under light stimulation, photosensitizers can generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and kill cancer cells [13–17]. However, there remains an inherent problem for PDT owing to the limited light penetration depth [18, 19]
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