Recent progress on peripheral neural interface technology towards bioelectronic medicine
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Bioelectronic Medicine
REVIEW
Open Access
Recent progress on peripheral neural interface technology towards bioelectronic medicine Youngjun Cho1†, Jaeu Park1†, Chengkuo Lee2,3,4*
and Sanghoon Lee1*
Abstract Modulation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a great potential for therapeutic intervention as well as restore bodily functions. Recent interest has focused on autonomic nerves, as they regulate extensive functions implicated in organ physiology, chronic disease state and appear tractable to targeted modulation of discrete nerve units. Therapeutic interventions based on specific bioelectronic neuromodulation depend on reliable neural interface to stimulate and record autonomic nerves. Furthermore, the function of stimulation and recording requires energy which should be delivered to the interface. Due to the physiological and anatomical challenges of autonomic nerves, various forms of this active neural interface need to be developed to achieve next generation of neural interface for bioelectronic medicine. In this article, we present an overview of the state-of-the-art for peripheral neural interface technology in relation to autonomic nerves. Also, we reveal the current status of wireless neural interface for peripheral nerve applications. Recent studies of a novel concept of self-sustainable neural interface without battery and electronic components are presented. Finally, the recent results of non-invasive stimulation such as ultrasound and magnetic stimulation are covered and the perspective of the future research direction is provided. Keywords: Peripheral nerve interface, Wireless neural interface, Energy harvesters, Ultrasound stimulation, Magnetic stimulation, Bioelectronic medicine
Introduction With enormous progress on neural interface technology attributed to the development of cutting-edge technology of micro/nano material engineering with neuroscience, modulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has recently emerged as a powerful way of modulating bodily functions and treating many diseases. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) has a cable-like structure, and extends from the spinal cord or brain, and starts branching functionally and separating further (Fig. 1a). Also, certain nerves contain afferent and efferent nerve * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Youngjun Cho and Jaeu Park contributed equally to this work. 2 Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore 1 Daegu Geongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42899, Republic of Korea Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
fibers while others have only one type. Most nerves are located near muscles and organs, so approaching the nerves and recording neural signals from them are quite challenging. In particular, the autonomic nerves are very small, vulnerable for damage, and are associated with vital functions in the body (Fig. 1b). Nevertheless, modulation of some nerves is continuously targeted for therapeutic e
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