Recovery of Heavy Metals from Liquid Effluent by Galvanic Cementation
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Recovery of Heavy Metals from Liquid Effluent by Galvanic Cementation Yehia M. Youssef 1 & Nourhan Moukhtar 1 & Ibrahim Hassan 1 & M. H. Abdel-Aziz 2,3 Received: 24 May 2020 / Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration Inc. 2020
Abstract Copper was recovered from copper sulfate solution in a batch-recycled galvanic reactor operated under forced convection with the generation of electrical energy during the cementation process. The divided galvanic cell consisted of parallel copper and zinc plates. The mass transfer rate and the amount of electrical energy generated were found to be directly proportional to the solution flow rate and the initial concentration of metallic ions and inversely proportional to the distance between electrodes. The experimental results were expressed in terms of a dimensionless correlation including all parameters. The wastewater treatment presented herein cell can be utilized to recover many soluble heavy metal ions from solution with high efficiency. Keywords Copper recovery . Galvanic cementation . Heavy metal removal . Wastewater purification . Energy saving
1 Introduction Most heavy metals found in industrial wastewater are commonly associated with pollution and toxicity problems, particularly when they are present in soluble form [1]. There are four main sources of heavy metal ion contamination: natural, domestic, atmospheric, and industrial [2]. Extensive research has been done on the treatment of industrial wastewater streams [3]. The interest directed towards the management of heavy metals has increased significantly over the past 15 years. The main driving forces are the rapidly growing demand for metals and an increasing number of studies reporting the environmental hazards associated with the presence of heavy metal ions in wastewater streams [4–7]. Among the most toxic metallic ions found in wastewater is the copper ion. Most copper ions detected in water systems are in the form of copper salts (e.g., copper sulfate). A major source of copper contamination in industrial wastes is related to metal
* M. H. Abdel-Aziz [email protected]; [email protected] 1
College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
2
Chemical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
3
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
finishing operations, which include electrolysis, electroplating, and printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing industries [8]. The concentration of Cu2+ in wastewater must not exceed 1.5 mg/L; thus, various technologies for extracting and/or recovering toxic heavy metal ions from wastewater have been developed over the years [8]. These technologies involve chemical and physical processes such as chemical precipitation [9, 10], adsorption [11, 12], ion exchange [13, 14], electrochemical techniques [15, 16], and membrane processes [17, 18]. Elect
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