Recycled tire granular for playground in hot regions: technical assessment
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Recycled tire granular for playground in hot regions: technical assessment Isam Janajreh1 · Mohammed Hussain1 · Sherien Elagroudy2 · Konstantinos Moustakas3 Received: 27 January 2020 / Accepted: 25 August 2020 © Springer Japan KK, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Scrap tire granulation used for crumb rubber tiles and poured-in-place rubber surfaces are waste management strategy for the overgrowing tire stockpiling. However, limited technical studies have been done assessing how these surfaces perform during their usage particular in hot climate region. In this work, the serviceability of the rubber tile is assessed on numerous field samples collected from different playgrounds in UAE. They are subjected to structural and thermal analytical techniques, i.e., ball-drop test, static and dynamic stress analyses, frictional coefficient, microscopic analysis (ESM), thermogravimetric and emission. Results show that tiles rather disintegrate relatively fast and attain unsafe user condition. The ball-drop and stress tests detected increase in stiffness and stress over 25% to initiate earlier tile failure. Friction results in drastic reduction in the needed traction. The SEM analysis suggests deterioration of the binding agent, elemental analysis showed an excess sulfur content per the detected SK compound in the aged sample and surface erosion, while TGA revealed higher thermal degradation and potential formation of hazardous polymers. Finally, PAHs study confirm rubber volatilization in the vapor phase and their partial contaminant leaching at toxic concentration. These observations do not favor using rubber granules for surfaces in hot regions and seeking alternative recycling is strongly recommended. Keywords Waste tires · Crumb rubber · Ball drop test · Dynamic testing · Thermogravimetric · Pahs emission · Friction coefficient
Introduction Hundreds of millions of tires are discarded across the Middle East every year and reaching as high as 1.2E5 tires worldwide [1, 2]. Disposal of waste tires is a challenging task due to their long life and non-biodegradability. Stockpiling, illegally dumping or landfilling have been the traditional method of waste tires management, but all these are shortterm solutions. During the tire recycling process, steel and cord (fluff) are recovered, while shredded rubber is granulated per market need as illustrated in Fig. 1. The crumbs are used in rubber or plastic industries to form playground
* Isam Janajreh [email protected] 1
Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University of Science and Tech, Abu Dhabi, UAE
2
Egypt Solid Waste Management Center of Excellence, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
3
National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
tiles in an endothermic compression molding with the presence of gluing/binding agent. The chemical make of the tires vary based on the type, manufactured date, and producer; but approximately tires and its recycles are made of natural (15% polyisoprene) and synthetic (27
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