Reduced graphene oxide supported 2D-NiO nanosheets modified electrode for urea detection
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Reduced graphene oxide supported 2D-NiO nanosheets modified electrode for urea detection T. Ravindran Madhura 1 & G. Gnana kumar 1 & Ramasamy Ramaraj 1 Received: 17 June 2020 / Revised: 8 July 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nickel oxide (NiO) nanosheets (NSs) deposited on different amounts (0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt%) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are synthesized through hydrothermal method. The NiO NSs on rGO (rGO-NiO) are characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analyses, and electrochemical analysis. Electrocatalytic activity of rGO-NiO nanocomposite modified glassy carbon (GC/rGO-NiO) electrode is examined towards electrocatalytic oxidation of urea in 0.1 M NaOH using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry techniques. The GC/rGO0.1-NiO nanocomposite modified electrode shows enhanced electrocatalytic oxidation of urea than that of other modified electrodes due to the incorporation of NiO NSs on an optimum amount of rGO. The GC/rGO0.1-NiO modified electrode is used for designing electrochemical sensor for urea, and the detection limit is estimated as 0.47 μM using the amperometry technique. The sensitivity of GC/rGO0.1-NiO modified electrode is found to be 2450 μA mM−1 cm−2. In addition to good electroanalytical performance, the present urea sensor displayed good stability and acceptable anti-interference ability in the presence of 20-fold excess concentration of relevant interferents. The GC/rGO0.1-NiO nanocomposite modified electrode is successfully used for the determination of urea in water sample. Keywords Reduced graphene oxide . Nickel oxide . Modified electrodes . Urea . Electrocatalytic oxidation . Sensor
Introduction Highlights • Nickel oxide nanosheets’ incorporated reduced graphene oxide is synthesized through hydrothermal method. • Effective incorporation of NiO on an optimum amount of rGO boosts the electrocatalytic oxidation of urea at the modified electrode. • Detection limit for urea sensing is found to be 0.47 μM using the amperometry technique. • The GC/rGO0.1-NiO nanocomposite modified electrode is used for the determination of urea in urea spiked water sample. • The present urea sensor is a stable, selective, and good alternate for noble metal-based electrochemical sensors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04763-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * G. Gnana kumar [email protected] * Ramasamy Ramaraj [email protected] 1
Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Centre for Photoelectrochemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
Urea is a low-cost, non-toxic, and high-energy density compound which can be abundantly found in sanitary sewage and industria
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