Reduced Graphene Oxide-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon (rGO-SPCE)-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive a
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Reduced Graphene Oxide-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon (rGO-SPCE)-Based Disposable Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive and Selective Determination of Ethyl Carbamate Xiaoyu Zhao 1,2 & Juanjuan Zuo 2 & Shue Qiu 2 & Wenshuai Hu 1 & Yanfei Wang 1 & Juankun Zhang 2
Received: 2 February 2017 / Accepted: 24 March 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017
Abstract Ethyl carbamate (EC), a multi-site genotoxic carcinogen, exists in fermented food and beverages. However, the existing analytical methods need precise instrument, complex sample pretreatment, time-consuming, and high cost. Therefore, a disposable electrochemical biomimetic sensor was developed for fast and selective detection of EC based on reduced graphene oxide/ screen-printed carbon composite electrode (rGO/SPCE). Firstly, the SPCE is modified with rGO by electrodeposition process that increased current signal and decreased the impedance of contact interface. Secondly, the OAP/ rGO/SPCE biomimetic sensor was synthesized through electropolymerization by cyclic voltammograms in mixed solution of template of EC and monomer of Oaminophenol (OAP). The sensor specifically bound to EC quickly without sample pretreatment. A linear range was from 100 to 1300 nM, and a detection limit of 37 nM was achieved. The detection time is less than 5 min. The sensor possesses advantages include good chemical and mechanical stability, simplicity, low cost of preparation, and sensitive and label-free determination.
* Xiaoyu Zhao [email protected] * Juankun Zhang [email protected] 1
College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
2
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
Keywords Reduced graphene oxide . Screen-printed carbon electrode . O-aminophenol . Ethyl carbamate . Molecular imprinting
Introduction The carcinogenic and mutagenic effect of ethyl carbamate (EC, urethane, C2H5OCONH2) was initially discovered in animals in the 1940 s, and it is a multi-site genotoxic carcinogen and classified as a group 2A carcinogen (probably carcinogenic to humans) by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Li et al. 2015; Pearce et al. 2015). EC exists in fermented food and beverages due to the natural biochemical processes in the fermentation process (Chen et al. 2017; Fu et al. 2016). Furthermore, EC has been detected in various fermented products such as bread, yoghurt, cheese, soy sauce, vinegar, and alcoholic beverages. There are several possible pathways for the formation of EC in distilled beverages, generally involving the reaction between ethanol and nitrogen precursors such as urea, carbamoyl phosphate, and cyanide (Shi and Yang 2012; Masson et al. 2014). Another contributing factor to the EC existence is associated with storage conditions such as high temperature and prolonged storage time, which may also exacerbate EC fo
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