Reducing Industrial Energy Use and CO 2 Emissions: The Role of Materials Science
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ducing Industrial Energy Use and CO2 Emissions: The Role of Materials Science Dolf Gielen (International Energy Agency, France) John Newman (International Energy Agency, France) Martin K. Patel (Utrecht University, The Netherlands) Abstract Nearly one-third of the world’s energy consumption and 36% of its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are attributable to manufacturing industries. However, the adoption of advanced technologies already in commercial use could provide technical energy savings in industry of 27–41 exajoules (EJ), along with a reduction in CO2 emissions of 2.2–3.2 gigatonnes (Gt) per year, about 7–12% of today’s global CO2 emissions. Even more significant savings can be attained on the supply side if fuel switching and CO2 capture and storage are considered. However, such changes must start in the coming decade to have a substantial impact by 2050.
Introduction
Rising population and increasing wealth are fueling growing global demand for products, services, buildings, and public infrastructure. The industrial sector, which manufactures these products and structures, has many opportunities to make them using less energy and emitting less carbon dioxide (CO2). This article discusses these opportunities, highlighting those in the materials industries and those depending on advances in materials science, engineering, and management. Industry also has a role in developing, producing, using, and recycling improved materials (e.g., stronger, lighter weight, and better insulating) to manufacture products that consume less energy when used, but with some exceptions, these issues and the full lifecycle energy and emissions consequences thereof are beyond the scope of this article and are addressed elsewhere in this issue. In 2004, the total global primary energy supply was 469 exajoules (EJ). Industry, when apportioned the energy losses from the electricity and heat it uses, accounted for more than 147 EJ, or nearly one-third of this supply. Total final energy use (excluding electricity and heat losses) by industry amounted to 113 EJ (Table I). These totals exclude energy used for the transportation of raw materials and finished industrial products, which is not negligible. The mentioned quantities include oil feedstocks for the production of synthetic organic products. Most industrial energy consumption occurs in industries that produce raw materials: chemicals and petrochemicals, iron and steel, nonmetallic minerals, and nonferrous metals. Together, these four materials groups consumed 69.9 EJ of final energy in 2004 (62% of total final industrial energy use). The chemicals and petrochemical industry alone accounts for 30% of industrial energy use, followed by the iron and steel industry with 19%; the production of nonmetallic minerals is responsible for 10% and that of nonferrous metals for nearly another 4%. The food, tobacco, and machinery industries, along with a large category of unspecified industrial energy users, account for the remaining 37% of total final industrial energy use. Direct industrial CO2
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