The nexus between economic growth, tourism development, energy consumption, and CO 2 emissions in Mediterranean countrie
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
The nexus between economic growth, tourism development, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions in Mediterranean countries Alper Aslan 1
&
Buket Altinoz 2 & Baki Özsolak 3
Received: 3 July 2020 / Accepted: 27 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aims to analyze the relationship among international tourism, energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and economic growth in Mediterranean countries for the 1995–2014 data period. According to the results of panel quantile regression model for 17 countries, the tourism-led growth hypothesis is valid in low growth levels, but deviations from this hypothesis are determined after the middle growth level. Also, the CO2 coefficient at low growth levels indicated that sustainable growth is achieved, but no significant results are obtained at subsequent growth levels. Finally, energy consumption supports economic growth at low and medium growth levels. Short-run causality test results illustrated that there is bidirectional causality between GDP and all explanatory variables. Keywords Tourism . Pollution . Energy . Growth . Panel data . Causality
Introduction Economic growth has always been an important issue for countries. Although economic growth has raised living standards in most countries, it is also known to be responsible for the increase in carbon dioxide emissions and the decrease in natural resources. Understanding the relationship between economic improvement and Co2 discharge will help economies regulate energy policies and develop their resources in sustainable ways (Mardani et al. 2019). Tourism is vital for understanding economic and natural environmental relations and ensuring sustainable development (Nepal et al. 2019). The relationship between economic growth and tourism was Responsible editor: Nicholas Apergis * Alper Aslan [email protected] Buket Altinoz [email protected] Baki Özsolak [email protected] 1
Department of Aviation Management, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
2
Vocational School, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
3
Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey
indicated empirically by Lanza and Pigliaru (2000). The importance of tourism revenues has become increasingly popular with many economists (Pablo-Romero and Molina 2013). The relation between energy consumption and economic improvement is another important issue. There are also four different energy consumption and economic improvement hypotheses in literature. The growth theory implies to the unilateral causality relationship from energy depletion to improvement. In the conservation theory, the relationship of causality is in the direction of energy depletion from improvement. Neutrality theory argues that there is no correlation between improvement and energy depletion, while the last theory, feedback theory, states that the relationship between causality is bilateral (Aslan 2013). The natural result of energy consumpt
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