Reductions in water, soil and nutrient losses and pesticide pollution in agroforestry practices: a review of evidence an
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Reductions in water, soil and nutrient losses and pesticide pollution in agroforestry practices: a review of evidence and processes Xiai Zhu & Wenjie Liu & Jin Chen & L. Adrian Bruijnzeel & Zhun Mao & Xiaodong Yang & Rémi Cardinael & Fan-Rui Meng & Roy C. Sidle & Steffen Seitz & Vimala D. Nair & Kazuki Nanko & Xin Zou & Chunfeng Chen & Xiao Jin Jiang
Received: 19 March 2019 / Accepted: 14 November 2019 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
Abstract Background and aims Agroforestry systems combining trees with crops or pastures have been widely used to reduce water, soil, and nutrient losses and associated water pollution from agricultural lands in both temperate and tropica l regio ns. Howeve r, reviews on
improvement/efficiency and the scope of such reductions by soil, management, climate, and hydrological processes are limited. Methods This paper synthesized the available evidence on the reduction in surface runoff, soil erosion, nutrient, and pollutant losses (e.g., herbicides, pesticides, and
Responsible Editor: Philippe Hinsinger. X. Zhu (*) : W. Liu (*) : J. Chen : X. Yang : X. Zou : C. Chen : X. J. Jiang CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303 Yunnan, China e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] X. Zhu : W. Liu : J. Chen : X. Yang : X. Zou : C. Chen X. J. Jiang Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun 666303 Yunnan, China
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X. Zhu : X. Zou University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China L. A. Bruijnzeel King’s College London, WC2R 2LS, London, UK Z. Mao AMAP, INRA, CNRS, IRD, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France R. Cardinael CIRAD, UPR AIDA, 34398 Montpellier, France
R. Cardinael AIDA, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France R. Cardinael Crop Science Department, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe F. 0 means that agroforestry can better reduce the service loss, M = 100 means that the agroforest can totally solve the service loss, and M < 0 means that the agroforest can exacerbate
Fig. 3 The sites of published case studies and proportions of the agroforestry types
Plant Soil
the service loss. Particularly, for indicator (iii), M > 0 means that the agroforest can exacerbate the service loss, and M < 0 means that the agroforest can reduce the service loss. The indicators (i–vi) were further used to compare the reduction of the agroforests regarding nutrient losses due to leaching (NL, in %), runoff (NR, in %) and sediment (NS, in %). This study is therefore based on the effect of agroforestry on the reduction of services loss expressed in proportion values (comparison between agroforestry relative to control as baseline). However, the real capacity of agroforestry to reduce the disservices is determined by the magnitude of those disservices. Yet, the proportion values only are not adequate to evaluate the real impact of agroforestry. A high reduction in percent
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