Reference Electrodes for Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts
Ionic liquids show promise as electrolytes for a host of electrochemical processes due to their favourable physical and electrochemical properties. However, use of conventional aqueous or non-aqueous reference electrodes with ionic liquids poses problems
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Reference Electrodes for Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts Anand I. Bhatt and Graeme A. Snook
Acronyms AAILs An BCr BdMIm BMIm BOB BuPy BzSEt C4mpyr C8MIm C10MIm Cat Cc ChCl DEA DIECARB dIL DIMCARB DmFc DPA
Amino acid ionic liquid Anion Bis(phenyl)chromium(I) tetraphenylborate 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(oxalatoborate) N-butylpyridinium 2-Ethylthiobenzolium N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-Decyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Cation Cobaltocene Choline chloride Diethanolamine N,N-diethylammonium N0 ,N0 -dialkylcarbamate Distillable ionic liquid N,N-dimethylammonium N0 , N0 -dialkylcarbamate Decamethylferrocene Di-N-propylamine
A.I. Bhatt (*) • G.A. Snook Division of Energy Technology and Process Science and Engineering, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Box 312, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] G. Inzelt et al. (eds.), Handbook of Reference Electrodes, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-36188-3_7, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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EAN EMIm FAP Fc FcC1C1Im FcC1MIm FcC1NMe3 FcMeOH HMIm IL ImCl Me4P MeBu3N MeCN MEETCARB MEPRCARB MIMSBu MIMSEt mtzSEt N6,2,2,2 NPr4 OTf P6,6,6,14 PIL PMIm PVdFHFP QAm RTIL SCE SEI SHE TDMATPFPB TEA TFSI TMPD
7.1
Ethyl ammonium nitrate 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate Ferrocene 1-Ferrocenylmethylimidazolium 1-Ferrocenylmethyl-3-methylimidazolium N,N,N,N-trimethylferrocenyl-methylammonium Ferrocenemethanol 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Ionic liquid Imidazolium chloride Tetramethylphosphonium N-methyl, N-tributylammonium Acetonitrile N-methyl,N-ethylammonium N0 ,N0 -dialkylcarbamate N-methyl,N-propylammonium N0 ,N0 -dialkylcarbamate 1-Methyl-2-butylthiolonium 1-Methyl-2-ethylthiolonium 1-Methyl-2-ethylthiotetrazolium Triethyl-hexylammonium Tetrapropylammonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium Protic ionic liquid 1-Propyl-3-methylimidazolium Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Quaternary ammonium Room temperature ionic liquid Saturated calomel electrode Solid electrolyte interphase Standard hydrogen electrode Tridodecylmethylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate Triethanolamine Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide N,N,N0 ,N0 -tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
Introduction to Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts
High temperature molten salts and low temperature ionic liquids (RTILs or ILs) share commonalities in that they are both composed of ions in the molten state without any additional solvent. These liquids can act as media for chemical and electrochemical reactions. Indeed since there is a high ionic concentration, these liquids can have beneficial properties for electrochemical studies. Generally wide electrochemical windows and differences in coordination properties mean that
7 Reference Electrodes for Ionic Liquids and Molten Salts
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these solvents are useful in particular for deposition of metals that cannot be deposited in molecular solv
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