Regulation of Cardiac Afferent Excitability in Ischemia
The heart at the time of Sir William Harvey originally was thought to be an insensate organ. Today, however, we know that this organ is innervated by sensory nerves that course centrally though mixed nerve pathways that also contain parasympathetic or sym
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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Responses of Myocardial Reflex During Ischemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chemical Mediators in Activation of Cardiac Spinal Afferent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Protons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Bradykinin and BK2 Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Platelets and Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 5-Hydroxytryptamine and 5-HT3 Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Histamine and H1 Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Thromboxane A2 and Thromboxane A2/Prostaglandin H2 Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 Reactive Oxygen Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8 Adenosine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Interactions Between Chemical Mediators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Prostaglandins and Bradykinin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Bradykinin and Histamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Thromboxane A2 and Bradykinin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract The heart at the time of Sir William Harvey originally was thought to be an insensate organ. Today, however, we know that this organ is innervated by sensory nerves that course centrally though mixed nerve pathways that also contain parasympathetic or sympathetic motor nerves. Angina or cardiac pain is now well recognized as a pressure-like pain that occurs during myocardial ischemia when coronary artery blood flow is interrupted. Sympathetic (or spinal) afferent fibers
J.C. Longhurst (*) Department of Medicine, C240 Medical Sciences I, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA [email protected]
B.J. Canning and D. Spina (eds.), Sensory Nerves, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 194, DOI: 10.1007/978‐3‐540‐79090‐7_6, # Springer‐Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009
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L.‐W Fu and J.C. Longhurst
that are either finely myelinated or unmyelinated are responsible for the transmission of information to the brain that ultimately allows the perception of angina as well as activation of the sympathetic nervous s
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