Relationship of lean body mass with bone mass and bone mineral density in the general Korean population
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Relationship of lean body mass with bone mass and bone mineral density in the general Korean population Seong-Su Moon
Received: 16 September 2013 / Accepted: 28 December 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract We investigated association of lean body mass with bone mass (BM) and bone mineral density (BMD) according to gender and menopausal status in the general Korean population. Participants included 4,299 males and 5,226 females who were 20 years of age or older from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (2009–2010). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used for measurement of BMD and body composition. BMD was measured in the femur and lumbar spine. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was defined as the sum of the lean soft tissue masses for the arms and legs. Analysis was performed after categorizing participants into four groups (males \50 years, males C50 years, premenopausal females, and postmenopausal females). In males, the highest ASM was observed in the 20–29-year group and then showed a gradual decrease as age increased, and BM and BMD showed similar patterns of change, while in females, ASM, BMD, and BM reached the peak level in the 40–49-year group and then decreased. In multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, the results showed an independent association of ASM with an increase in BM and BMD (P \ 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, total Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12020-013-0160-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S.-S. Moon (&) Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Dongdae-ro 87, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk Province 780-350, South Korea e-mail: [email protected] S.-S. Moon Medical Institute of Dongguk University, Gyeongju, South Korea
fat mass showed a significant association with BM (P \ 0.05). These aforementioned relationships were commonly observed on both femur and lumbar spine in every group. Lean body mass showed an independent association with increased BM and BMD, regardless of gender, age in men, and menopausal status in women. Keywords Lean body mass Bone mass Bone mineral density Korean General population
Introduction Osteoporosis, a skeletal bone disease characterized by reduced bone mass (BM) and quality with a consequent increased risk of fracture [1], is considered a major health concern in old age [2]. Similarly, sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass that commonly accompanies aging [3, 4]. Sarcopenia and osteoporosis commonly predispose individuals to frailty, falls, fractures, and disability, eventually leading to increased morbidity and mortality, and public health burden [5–8]. They are currently regarded as having common risk factors, including genetics, hormonal change, aging, physical activity, and nutrition [8–12]. In addition, several hypotheses have been suggested to explain the relationship of muscle a
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