Relationships of Natural Enemies and Non-Prey Foods
There are very few natural enemies so maladapted as to rely on prey as their sole nutritional resource. The importance of non-prey sources of nutrition have received disproportionately less attention than prey when one considers how important non-prey foo
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Progress in Biological Control Volume 7 Published: Volume 1 H.M.T. Hokkanen and A.E. Hajek (eds.) Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides – Need and Methods for Risk Assessment. 2004 ISBN: 978-1-4020-0813-9 Volume 2 J. Eilenberg and H.M.T. Hokkanen (eds.) An Ecological and Societal Approach to Biological Control. 2007 ISBN 978-1-4020-4320-8 Volume 3 J. Brodeur and G. Boivin (eds.): Trophic and Guild Interactions in Biological Control. 2006 ISBN 978-1-4020-4766-4 Volume 4 J. Gould, K. Hoelmer and J. Goolsby (eds.): Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. 2008 ISBN 978-1-4020-6739-6
Volume 5 J. Romeis, A.M. Shelton and G. Kennedy (eds.): Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops within IPM Programs. 2008 HB ISBN 978-1-4020-8372-3; PB ISBN 978-1-4020-8459-1 Volume 6 A.E. Hajek, T.R. Glare and M. O’Callaghan (eds.): Use of Microbes for Control and Eradication of Invasive Arthropods. 2008 ISBN: 978-1-4020-8559-8
For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/6417
Jonathan G. Lundgren
Relationships of Natural Enemies and Non-Prey Foods
Jonathan G. Lundgren North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory USDA-ARS 2923 Medary Avenue Brookings, SD, 57006 USA
Cover pictures: The photo credits should read (clockwise from top left): Amara carinata (LeConte), a common granivorous carabid in the Midwest and Great Plains of North America (photo by Jonathan Lundgren). A mixture of seeds commonly encountered in cropland (photo by Jonathan Lundgren). A fourth instar Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, consuming maize pollen (photo by Michael Jeffords, Illinois Natural History Survey). Adult Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, foraging on the tassel of maize for pollen. This species is one of the most widespread and abundant ladybeetles in North American cropland, and is highly omnivorous on pollen, fungus, and sugar sources (Photo by Michael Jeffords, Illinois Natural History Survey).
ISBN 978-1-4020-9234-3
e-ISBN 978-1-4020-9235-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936830 © US Government 2009. Created within the capacity of an US Governmental Employment and therefore public domain. Published by Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com
This book is dedicated above all to Jenna My successes are brighter and failures are bearable because of you R. N. W. For the wisdom that gave me a wide berth to explore what I felt was important, and the good sense to know when to bring me back to reality. These are traits found only in the best of mentors
Progress in Biological Control Series Preface
Biological control of
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