Reliability of heterophyid antigens in heterologous protection against human schistosomiasis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Reliability of heterophyid antigens in heterologous protection against human schistosomiasis Alaa H. A. Hegazy1 • Lamia A. Galal1 • Tasneem M. Hassan1 • Refaat M. A. Khalifa1
Received: 18 September 2019 / Accepted: 9 January 2020 Ó Indian Society for Parasitology 2020
Abstract Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic disease which has been controlled by praziquantel for many decades; however, reemergence of praziquantel resistant strains has been a continuous threat. Therefore, the development of reliable antischistosomal vaccine is significantly demanded for optimal control. In the present study, comparison among Schistosoma haematobium, Schsitosoma mansoni and Pygidiopsis genata crude antigens was carried out by Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hyperimmunization of rabbits with tested parasites’ crude antigens was done to obtain hyperimmune sera. Western blotting was applied to show cross reactivity between parasites’ crude antigens and either homologous or heterologous sera. Although there was no cross reaction between P. genata crude antigens and sera of both Schistosoma species and vice versa; it is supposed that the immunogenic band at 79 kDa might develop cross reactivity with Schistosma spp. SEA fractionation if used in future studies. Keywords Heterologous immunity Pygidiopsis genata Schistosomiasis SDS-PAGE Western blotting
Introduction One of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent parasitic disease regarding the number of both infected and prone to infection people. Recent estimates have shown that about 206.5 & Refaat M. A. Khalifa [email protected] 1
Asyut, Egypt
million people had received anti-schistosomal treatment in 2016 (WHO 2016). At least 255 million people, in 78 countries and territories, were at risk of infection (Barry et al. 2013). A high annual mortality rate, 200,000 deaths, has been attributed to schistosomiasis (WHO 2012). In Egypt, MENA (Middle East North Africa) country, at least 7.2 million individuals are infected with schistosomiasis (Hotez et al. 2012). Integrated strategies must be applied to control the highly morbid schsitosmiasis. Although significantly effective against human –infecting Schistosoma species, Praziquantel (PZQ) is not reliable in schistosomiasis control due to recent arise of resistant schistosome strains (Caffrey and Secor 2011). Extensive efforts to construct antischistosomal vaccine is a global demand. Sh28GST and Sm-TSP-2 are considered to be promising candidates for vaccine (Cheng et al. 2013). Unfortunately, there is a minor progress in research area concerning vaccine identification (Chen et al. 2016). Concerning heterologous immunity, Fasciola gigantica worm crude antigens induced a decrease in total male and female counts of S. mansoni worms (Maghraby et al. 2017). Also, H. heterophyes adult worm crude antigens have been noted to reduce not only worm and egg burdens but also granuloma size and number in S. mansoni challenge infection (Y
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