Remote Sensing Image Analysis: Including The Spatial Domain

Remote Sensing image analysis is mostly done using only spectral information on a pixel by pixel basis. Information captured in neighbouring cells, or information about patterns surrounding the pixel of interest often provides useful supplementary informa

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Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing VOLUME 5 Series Editor: Freek D. van der Meer, Department of Earth Systems Analysis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands & Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Editorial Advisory Board: Michael Abrams, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A. Paul Curran, University of Bournemouth, U.K. Arnold Dekker, CSIRO, Land and Water Division, Canberra, Australia Steven M. de Jong, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands Michael Schaepman, Centre for Geo-Information, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands

REMOTE SENSING IMAGE ANALYSIS: INCLUDING THE SPATIAL DOMAIN edited by

STEVEN M. DE JONG Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands and

FREEK D. VAN DER MEER Department of Earth Systems Analysis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands & Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Including a CD-ROM with colour images

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-10 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 ISBN-13

1-4020-2559-9 (HB) 978-1-4020-2559-4 (HB) 1-4020-2560-2 (eBook) 978-1-4020-2560-0 (eBook)

Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com

Printed on acid-free paper

Lay-out: Rien Rabbers, Kartlab, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University Figures: Ton Markus, Kartlab, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University 02-0506-300ts

All Rights Reserved © 2004 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands.

Preface

Since the launch of the first earth observation satellite ERTS- in  much effort has been made to develop suitable and scientifically sound methods of information extraction from digital images. Over the years, Remote Sensing has proven to be a valuable tool for identifying objects at the earth’s surface and for measuring and monitoring important biophysical characteristics and human activities on the terrain. Since the early days of earth observation, numerical methods of spectral analysis have been used to extract information from these digital images. Because computer power was limited, few spectral bands were recorded at pre-selected frequencies and visualization methods were very basic, it was only possible to transform the raw pixel data into meaningful classes on a pixel-by-pixel basis; one simply did not have the tools to analyse large amounts of rem