Remote Sensing of the African Seas

The African Seas include marginal basins of two major oceans, the Atlantic and the Indian, a miniature ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and an infant ocean, the Red Sea. Understanding the wide spectrum of environmental features and processes of such a v

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Vittorio Barale • Martin Gade Editors

Remote Sensing of the African Seas

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Editors Vittorio Barale European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra Italy

Martin Gade Institut für Meereskunde Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany

ISBN 978-94-017-8007-0 ISBN 978-94-017-8008-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8008-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014932415 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Cover illlustrations: Pictures were taken from * Chapter 8, Kostianoy et al.: Fig. 3 * Chapter 3, Hoepffner et al.: Fig. 4B * Chapter 11, Brandt et al.: Fig. 5B * Chapter 2, Gower and King: Fig. 15 * Chapter 14, Magelhaes et al.: Fig. 9 Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To Hatshepsut Fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Patron of the Land of Punt “Oceanographic Expedition”

Preface

Queen Hatshepsut—or sometimes “King” Hatshepsut, in formal circumstances— was the daughter of Pharaoh Thutmosis I, the wife (and half-sister) of Pharaoh Thutmosis II, the stepmother and co-regent of Pharaoh Thutmosis III. She ruled Ancient Egypt in her own right as the fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom, approximately from 1473 (perhaps 1479) to 1458 BC, with the throne name