Remote Sensing Tools for Exploration Observing and Interpreting the
This book is intended to cover remote sensing as a process applied to solar system exploration, with emphasis on understanding and utilizing the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The goal is to create a common ground for those individuals and groups involv
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Processing Information and Data
6.1 The Nature of Remote Sensing Data Processing Tracking and processing information in all forms is essential at every stage of a remote sensing project. Increasingly sophisticated processing capabilities have been both driven by remote sensing requirements and a driving force behind the development of remote sensing. In fact, due to the large volume of information and the large number and complexity of steps involved in transforming it, sophisticated data handling capabilities became an absolute necessity for remote sensing long ago. Thus, computer science and engineering have played major roles in remote sensing. Each step in the remote sensing process has specialized processing software which will be discussed below (Figure 6.1): 1) Mission Planning: Transforming mission goals to measurement objectives and resource requirements via mission scenario instrument package development, first principles modeling of environment and instrument performance with spreadsheets and other modeling tools, trade study, requirements management, and cost/benefit/risk assessment tools. 2) Entire Life Cycle Flight Support: Communication, Command and Data Handling (CC&DH), and assessment of spacecraft/instrument performance and health, all involving signal processing and noise removal tools; Navigation, Guidance, and Tracking (NGT) tools with which spacecraft orientation and pointing are derived. 3) Data Reduction: Transformation from raw to processed (normalized) data components (such as spectra), including tools for display, calibration, background removal, feature identification and normalization techniques. 4) Data Analysis and Interpretation: Transformation of processed data components to derived measurement maps and models, with image processing tools for numerical/spatial manipulation including filtering, stretching, and mathematical operations; geometric rectification and registration, projection, and mosaicking; n-dimensional analysis, including principal components analysis, trends surface analysis, supervised and unsupervised classification; statistical assessment and error analysis.
P.E. Clark, M.L. Rilee, Remote Sensing Tools for Exploration, DOI 10.1007/978–1–4419–6830–2_6, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
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Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Major remote sensing activities, tasks, and mission phases as discussed in the text.
5) Data Management: data product access and archiving with standard protocols requiring parallel processing techniques and involving database development tools.
6.2 Mission Planning: Roadmaps to Requirements The process of turning high level science goals into missions is timeconsuming. Tools and approaches which facilitate and expedite this process for a new mission concept are thus critical for its timely development. High level goals are typically articulated through NASA-sponsored decadal surveys soliciting input from the science community on scientific priorities for a particular group of targets, such as small bodies. The Science Mission Directorate app
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